Biology 400 Vocabulary Sem. 1

Front 1

Define Activation Energy

Back 1

the energy required for a chemical reaction

Front 2

Define Adhesion

Back 2

the type of attraction that occurs between unlike molecules

Front 3

Define Atom

Back 3

the smallest unit of an element retaining the physical and chemical properties of that element

Front 4

Define Atomic Number

Back 4

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (located on the periodic table)

Front 5

Define Atomic Weight

Back 5

the mass of the atom

Front 6

Define Buffer

Back 6

fluid that can resist change in pH

Front 7

Define Chemical Reaction

Back 7

Involves the making or breaking of chemical bonds (covalent or ionic)

Front 8

Define Cohesion

Back 8

tendency of a molecule of the same kind to stick to one another

Front 9

Define Compound

Back 9

made up of two or more elements in a combined fixed ratio

Front 10

Define Electronegativity

Back 10

the affinity for electrons

Front 11

Define Electropositivity

Back 11

the ability of an atom to lose electrons

Front 12

Define Elements

Back 12

Substances that cannot be chemically broken down to other types of matter (substances made of only one type of atom)

Front 13

Define Ion

Back 13

an atom that has recieved a positive or negative charge due to the gaining or losing of electrons

Front 14

Define Isomers

Back 14

molecules with the same chemical formula, but differ in spatial arrangement

Front 15

Define Isotopes

Back 15

atoms with different amounts of neutrons in their nucleus

Front 16

What is The Law of Conservation of Matter?

Back 16

Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction

Front 17

Define Matter

Back 17

anything that takes up space and has mass

Front 18

Define Molecule

Back 18

The smallest unit of a compound; composed of atoms covalently bonded to one another

Front 19

Define Valence Electrons

Back 19

Electrons in the outer most shell of an atom

Front 20

Define Valence Shell

Back 20

The outermost shell of an atom

Front 21

Define Alpha Helix

Back 21

coil produced by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.

Front 22

Define Amino Acids

Back 22

Small molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms; two also contain sulfur atoms.

Front 23

Define Amino Group

Back 23

an amino consists of a nitrogen atom single-bonded to two hydrogen atoms. They are nonpolar, bases, and attract hydrogen ions

Front 24

Define Carbohydrates
Give examples

Back 24

an organic compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 2:1 ratio. All known types of living cells contain carbohydrates. (examples: sugars, starches, and cellulose.)

Front 25

Define Carboxyl Group

Back 25

an important functional group. The univalent (one valence electron) radical, COOH, the functional group characteristic of all organic acids.

Front 26

Define Cellulose

Back 26

a structural molecule found in the rigid walls surrounding plant cells, and it is an important part of wood and cotton fibers

Front 27

Define Chitin

Back 27

a structural polysaccharide formed from glucose monomers with nitrogen-containing groups and found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of many fungi

Front 28

Define Cholesterol

Back 28

a sterol (a combination steroid and alcohol) and a lipid found in the cell membranes of all body tissues, and transported in the blood plasma of all animals. Lesser amounts of cholesterol are also found in plant membranes.

Front 29

Define Dehydration Synthesis/Condensation

Back 29

monomers build up to polymers (H2O extracted)

Front 30

Define Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 30

nucleic acid that contains deoxyribose in their nucleotides

Front 31

Disaccharides

Back 31

two simple sugar molecules (monosaccharides) that bond to form a double sugar molecule

Front 32

Energy

Back 32

the ability to do work

Front 33

Enzymes

Back 33

any of numerous proteins that are produced by living cells that start specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures

Front 34

Fats

Back 34

a more efficient form of energy storage than are carbohydrates because fats contain a larger number of hydrogen atoms and less oxygen

Front 35

Fructose

Back 35

a simple sugar, C6H12O6, that differs from glucose in having a ketonic rather than an aldehydic carbonyl group

Front 36

Functional Groups

Back 36

specific groups of atoms in molecules that are in charge of chemical reactions

Front 37

Glucose

Back 37

A monosaccharide sugar, C6H12O6, that serves as the major energy source of the body; it occurs in most plant and animal tissue.

Front 38

Glycogen

Back 38

a highly branched polymer of glucose, produced by animals

Front 39

Glycosidic Linkage

Back 39

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides.

Front 40

Hydrocarbon

Back 40

any compound with just carbon and hydrogen

Front 41

Hydrolysis

Back 41

when compounds split apart when reacting with water (H2O added)

Front 42

Isomers

Back 42

molecules with the same chemical formula, but differ in spatial arrangement

Front 43

Lactose

Back 43

milk sugar; a dissacharide formed of glucose and the monosaccharide galactose

Front 44

Lipids- Fats and oils

Back 44

macromolecules that have two primary functions: long-term storage of energy and carbon and building of stuctural parts of cell membranes. They do not dissolve in water because the are non-polar.

Front 45

Macromolecules

Back 45

really big organic molecules

Front 46

Maltose

Back 46

a common disaccharide made of two glucose molecules

Front 47

Monomer

Back 47

basic units in polymerization

Front 48

Monosaccharides

Back 48

the simplest carbohydrates which are single sugars - which may contain 3 to 7 carbon atoms in their carbon skeletons

Front 49

Nucleic Acid

Back 49

macromolecules that dictate the amino acid sequence of protiens, which in turn controls the basic life processes

Front 50

Nucleotides

Back 50

relatively simple units connected to form long chains that make up nucleic acids

Front 51

Organic Compounds

Back 51

compounds in which carbon atoms are combined with hydrogen and usually oxygen, frequently also contain nitrogen, sulfur, or phosphorus, and are needed for life to exist

Front 52

Peptide Bonds

Back 52

a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acids; bonds the amino group of each amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next

Front 53

Phospholipids

Back 53

a glycerol linked to two fatty acids and a negatively charged phosphate group. The phosphorus head is hydrophilic and the tail is hydrophobic, so it forms a bilayer in cell membranes that acts as a selective barrier.

Front 54

Pleated Sheet

Back 54

regions of the polypeptide chains that are parallel to each other and held by repeating hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide backbone

Front 55

Polymer

Back 55

many units

Front 56

Polymerization

Back 56

when large compounds are made from many small units

Front 57

Polynucelotide

Back 57

Nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester linkages into a DNA polymer.

Front 58

Polypeptide

Back 58

a long chain of amino acids

Front 59

Polysaccharides

Back 59

complex carbohydrates formed by several glucose molecules that bond together (example: starch and cellulose are the complex carbohydrates commonly formed by plants)

Front 60

Primary structure

Back 60

unique sequence of amino acids in a protein determined by genes

Front 61

Proteins- Define and Give examples.

Back 61

structural components of cells as well as messengers and receivers of messages (also called receptors) between cells (example: skin, hair, nails, muscles, and parts of the skeleton)

Front 62

Purines

Back 62

family of nitrogenous bases, include adenine (A) and guanine (G), add a five-membered ring to the pyrimidine rings, two ring-shaped molecules joined together.

Front 63

Pyrimidines

Back 63

one family of nitrogenous bases, include cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U), characterized by six-membered rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms, a single ring.

Front 64

Quaternary Structure

Back 64

how several polypeptide chains are arranged and held together in a structural arrangement

Front 65

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Back 65

nucleic acid that contains ribose in their nucleotides

Front 66

Saturated Fats

Back 66

fats that tend to be solids at room temperature (example: butter and lard) and don't have double bonds

Front 67

Secondary Structure

Back 67

the coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the electronegative oxygen peptide bond and the positive hydrogen attached to the nitrogen of another peptide bond

Front 68

Starch

Back 68

an energy storage and carbon-reserve compound in many plants and is also an important food source for humans

Front 69

Sucrose

Back 69

most familiar dissacharide (table sugar) that contains glucose and another monosaccharide, fructose

Front 70

Sugar-Phosphate

Back 70

biologically important sugars that have a phosphate group attatched to the carbon skeleton

Front 71

Synthesis

Back 71

forming a more complex substance (putting together)

Front 72

Tertiary Structure

Back 72

the 3-D shape of the protein

Front 73

Tetravalent; give an example of something that is tetravalent

Back 73

being able to bond 4 times (Carbon is tetravalent)

Front 74

Triglyceride

Back 74

a simple fat formed by three fatty-acid molecules and one glycerol molecule that joins them together

Front 75

Unsaturated Fats

Back 75

fats containing unsaturated fatty acids and tend to be oily at room temperature (example: olive oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil) that have one or more double bonds

Front 76

activation energy

Back 76

the energy required for a reaction to take place

Front 77

ADP

Back 77

adenosine diphosphate (2 phosphate groups, ribose, adenine, 3rd phosphate goes into the inorganic nutrient pool; INP )

Front 78

ATP

Back 78

adenosine triphosphate, (3 phosphate groups, ribose, adenine)