Biology

Front 1

Receptor-mediated endocytosis:

Back 1

molecules are taken in after they bind to a receptor (more specific)

Front 2

Phagocytosis:
Pinocytosis:
Endocytosis:
Exocytosis:

Back 2

-cell eating.
-cell drinking
-movement of substances into the cell (cell ingests)
-movement of materials outside of the cell. Vesicles release contents to the exterior of the cell.

Front 3

Facultative diffusion:

Back 3

proteins help molecules get through the membrane down concentration gradient.

Front 4

Diffusion:

Back 4

movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration. Facultative diffusion: proteins help molecules get through the membrane down concentration gradient.

Front 5

Passive transport:

Back 5

movement of molecules through the membrane. No energy required, molecules move in response to a concentration gradient (diffusion).

Front 6

Selective permeability:
Easy passage:
Difficult passage:

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-hydrophobic interior (membrane made of phospholipids). Some things go through the membrane easily and some things don’t.
-non-polar molecules (water is the exception).
-polar molecules and ions (require transport proteins).

Front 7

Active transport:

Back 7

requires energy-ATP (basic unit of energy). Substances move against the gradient from low to high concentration.

Front 8

*Osmosis:

Back 8

water movement from areas of high to low concentration of water (diffusion of water through a membrane). The direction of osmosis is determined by the difference in total solute concentration (more salt in watermeans high solute concentration). Water moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

Front 9

Energy:
Kinetic energy:
Potential energy:

Back 9

the capacity to do work to move an object against force.
energy of motion
stored energy

Front 10

Forms of energy:

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mechanical energy (heat) and electric current (light).

Front 11

Substrate:

Back 11

molecule that will undergo a reaction

Front 12

Enzymes

Back 12

molecules that catalyze reactions in living cells. Reduce the amount of energy you use. Interact with substrates.
Enzymes are usually affected by temperature (high t help, but not too high). pH also affect the activity of enzymes (from 6 to 8 helps).

Front 13

Active site:

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region of the enzyme that binds to the substrate

Front 14

Enzymes Regulation:

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inhibitors (stop something) molecules that bind to an enzyme to decrease its activity.

Front 15

Competitive inhibitions:

Non competitive inhibitions:

Back 15

blocks the activity.

don’t block the activity.

Front 16

Laws of thermodynamics (study of energy transformation

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1. Energy cannot be created or destroyed- energy conservation.
2. Disorder in the universe is always increasing- entropy. Energy conversion increases entropy.

Front 17

-Endergonic reaction:
-Exergonic reaction:

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require input of energy. Ex Photosynthesis.

releases free energy. Ex Cellular respiration

Front 18

Energy currency of cells:

Back 18

ATP adenosine triphosphate. ATP stores energy in the phosphate bonds. 3 phosphates joinned together. Phosphates are highly negative energy released when bonds are broken.

Front 19

All cellls have 4 things in common:

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genetic material (in a nucleoid or nucleus),
cytoplasm (semifluid matrix),
plasma membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
ribosomes (build proteins).

Front 20

Prokaryotic Cells:

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They have a nucleoid with genetic material. DNA is free and not trapped. They have a membrane and a cell wall. -Types: archaea and bacteria. -Prokaryotic cells posses: ggenetic material in the nucleoid, cytoplasm, plasmamembrane, cell wall and capsule, ribosomes, no membrane-bound organelles. -Prokariotic cell walls: protect the cell and maintain cell shape.

Front 21

-Bacterial cell walls:
-Archaean cell walls:

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composed of peptidoglycan, can be gram positive or negative.

lack peptidoglycan.

Front 22

-Prokaryotic cells have a flagella used for locomotion it rotates in circles, it is rigid and doesn’t undulate.

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rotates in circles

Front 23

Eukaryotic cells

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They have a nucleous and have compartmentalize cellular functions (a lot of compartments organelles and the endomembrane system). They have a cytoskeleton that gives it support and structure.

Front 24

Chloroplasts:

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energy storage and production, they have chlorophyll (for photosynthesis). 2 membranes: thylakoids (sacs) and grana.

Front 25

-Cytoskeleton

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gives support and keeps organelles in place, they also move materials in a cell.

Front 26

Eukary Cell movement:

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flagella (few) and cilia (tiny little hair, a lot)  undulated movement. They could have both flagella and cilia.

Front 27

Respiration:

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the use of oxygen to burn a fuel molecule (glucose) to produce ATP  Glucose + O2.

Front 28

Aerobic respiration

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final electron receptor is oxygen we use oxygen to catch all the electrons that produce the energy

Front 29

Anaerobic respiration

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final electron receptor is an inorganic molecule (not O2).

Front 30

Fermentation:

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final electron receptor is an organic molecule
we produce some lactic acid when we do exercise, when muscles hurt you have done fermentation (not so much oxygen getting into your cells)

Front 31

Redox reaction:

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reductions and oxidation
gaining and losing electrons.
One molecule gains and one molecule loses energy is produced. We use the electrons from glucose to produce energy
extract electrons from glucose and the electron carriers take them to the other molecule

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We grab the electrons from glucose
we use oxygen to catch those electrons.

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(oxidation)
(reduction)

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*If there’s no mitochondria in the cell 
If there’s mitochondria AND oxygen 

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fermentation.
aerobic respiration (there has to be oxygen, if not fermentation).

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Substrate-level phosphorylation

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transferring a phosphate directly from ADP another molecule.

Front 35

Oxidative phosphorylation

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uses ATP synthase and energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP.

Front 36

Electron Transport Chain:

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jumping of electrons and protons through the membrane of the mitochondria the molecules pump the protons in betweenthe 2 membranes of the mitochondria.

Front 37

Glycolysis:

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you produce ATP from ADP by breaking glucose (a type of substrate phosphorilation).

Front 38

Respiration vs. Fermentatioon:

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we do respiration, prokaryotes do fermentation. Eukaryotes are more complex and do activities, prokaryotes just move and divide. So overall respiration produces a lot of ATP and fermentation just a little, but for the purposes of the organisms they are both okay