Biology

Front 1

Each cell has a unique pattern of gene expression to produce the unique set of ____ and specialized_____ that defines its function in the body.

Back 1

Proteins
RNA Molecules

Front 2

Select proteins must interact effectively with the DNA regulatory sequences in order to regulate ____, and thus, gene expressions effectively.

Back 2

Transcription

Front 3

Which model describes the regulation of transcription in prokaryotes?

Back 3

Lactose (LAC) Operon Model

Front 4

The ____ and _____ of a gene is a gene expression

Back 4

Regulated Activation (Turn-On)
Deactivation (Turn-off)

Front 5

When will you be able to know when the gene is activated?

Back 5

When the cell needs the product it encodes

Front 6

When will you be able to know when the gene is deactivated?

Back 6

When the cell does not need the product it encodes

Front 7

The precisely regulated activation and deactivation of a gene is called _____.

Back 7

Gene expression

Front 8

Each cell type makes a unique set of ___ and ____ in order to perform its function in the body.

Back 8

Proteins and RNA molecules

Front 9

Each of our cell types has a unique pattern of _____.

Back 9

Gene Expression

Front 10

What genes must be expressed in the RED blood cell in order for the red blood cell to perform its function in the body?

Back 10

All genes that code for protein are found in the red blood cell

Front 11

What genes must be expressed in the WHITE blood cell in order for the white blood cell to perform its function in the body?

Back 11

All the genes necessary needed in red blood cells to maintain energy

Front 12

______ can influence the pattern of gene expression within a single cell.

Back 12

Environmental changes

Front 13

Each cell type expresses a unique pattern of ____ at a stage of its development

Back 13

Genes

Front 14

The ____ is a group of genes clustered on the bacterial chromosome that regulates a specific metabolic process

Back 14

Operon

Front 15

All genes in an operon are _____ or _____ as a single unit

Back 15

Expressed or repressed

Front 16

A _______ is sufficient to turn-on or turn-off the operon.

Back 16

Single Molecular Switch

Front 17

The _____ is an energy-efficient method to organize gene expression

Back 17

Operon

Front 18

All the genes in an operon are ____ or _____ by a single unit by a single molecular switch.

Back 18

Expressed or repressed

Front 19

The LAC operon allows E.Coli to catabolize _____ to make ATP.

Back 19

Lactose

Front 20

Each gene in the LAC Operon encodes a ____ necessary for lactose use.

Back 20

Protein

Front 21

The LAC Operon is _____ WITH lactose in the cell and ____ WITHOUT lactose

Back 21

Expressed
Repressed

Front 22

What is an operon on the bacterial chromosome?

Back 22

A group of genes clustered together in this chromosome

Front 23

All of the genes of an operon typically contribute to a ____ Metabolic Process

Back 23

Single

Front 24

What are the benefits of arranging multiple genes in an operon on the bacterial chromosome?

Back 24

Can be turned on or off simultaneously, easier to regulate.

Front 25

The LAC Operon allows the bacterium E.Coli to catabolize ______ to make ATP.

Back 25

Lactose

Front 26

Where does E.Coli live?

Back 26

Human Colon

Front 27

LAC Operon genes enable E.Coli to use Lactose as a source of ____ to make ATP.

Back 27

Energy

Front 28

______ transports lactose into the cell.

Back 28

Permease

Front 29

Galactose is converted to glucose that enters ____.

Back 29

Glycolysis

Front 30

Beta-Galactosidase splits lactose into ____ and _____

Back 30

Galactose
Glucose

Front 31

Glucose immediately enters ___ to make ATP.

Back 31

Glycolysis

Front 32

Degrades Lactose into 2 disaccarides: ______ and _____.

Back 32

Galactose and Glucose

Front 33

_____ splits lactose and glucose into 2

Back 33

Beta-Galactoside

Front 34

Where does E.Coli live symbiotically within our bodies?

Back 34

Colon or large intestine

Front 35

Why would E.Coli living in the large intestine of mammals have evolved the ability to catabolize lactose?

Back 35

Because mammals produce and drink milk. Bacteria with lactose had a big advantage, nutrition is mother's milk.

Front 36

How do the LAC Z and LAC Y genes contribute to E.Coli Catabolism?

Back 36

Breaks down Lactose into Galactose and Glucose to make atp

Front 37

The _____ and _____ are DNA regulatory sequences that contribute to the precise regulation of LAC Operon Expression.

Back 37

Promoter and Operator

Front 38

The repressor protein coded by the LAC I Gene binds to the ______ to regulate LAC Operon expression.

Back 38

Operator

Front 39

Why is the LAC operon expressed without lactose?

Back 39

Because the bacterium does not need to catabolize lactose

Front 40

With the absence of Lactose, the E.Coli would _______ energy.

Back 40

Waste

Front 41

Why does lactose induce LAC operon expression?

Back 41

Because the bacterium needs the proteins to catabolize lactose

Front 42

Why does glucose represses the lac operon expression?

Back 42

Because E.Coli does not need to catabolize lactose to produce more glucose when it already has a supply of glucose.

Front 43

The ________ stimulates RNA Polymerase activity to increase transcription in the absense of glucose

Back 43

Catabolite Activator Protein

Front 44

What determines if LAC Operon Expression will occur?

Back 44

Lactose

Front 45

_____ regulates the expression rate .

Back 45

Glucose

Front 46

When a mutation prevents the lac repressor protein from binding to the operator, how will lac operon expression be affected?

Back 46

The lac operon will not have to worry about an active repressor binding to the operator. There would be no repressor to inhibit the lac operon from being turned on.

Front 47

When a mutation prevents the lac repressor protein from releasing from the operator, how will lac operon expression be affected?

Back 47

It will be continuously inhibited because regardless of the presence of lactose, the operator will continuously be repressed because of the active repressor protein.

Front 48

What is gene expression?

Back 48

Precisely regulated activation and deactivation of a gene.