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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What results from the process of mitosis?
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the division of the cell nucleus
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Why do cells undergo mitosis?
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Every cell must copy its genetic information to reproduce a sister cell.
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Mitosis is divided into several stages. What are these stages?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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Interphase is divided into 3 stages. List these stages and state what occurs in each phase.
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G1, S, G2.
G1-a period of activity in which cells do most of their growing. Cells increase in size. S-chromosomes are replicated and the synthesis of DNA molecules takes place. Key protiens associated with the chromosomes are also synthesised. G2-when the cell replication is done. the shortest phase. many of the organelles required for cell division are produced. |
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Describe what occurs during prophase.
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the first and longest phase.The chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The centrioles separate, and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope breaks down.
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Describes what occurs during metaphase.
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The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to spindle fiber at its centromere.
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Describes what occurs during anaphase.
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The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.
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Describe what occurs during cytokinesis.
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The cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical chromosomes.
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How does plant cell mitosis differ from animal cell mitosis?
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cytokinesis is different. cell plate forms.
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Meiosis is cell division that reduces the number of _ in a cell.
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chromosomes
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Gametes result from what cellular process?
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Meiosis II
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Why is meiosis a necessary process for sexually reproducing organisms?
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its how organisms produce gametes.
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diploid
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a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes which means 2 sets.
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haploid
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single set of genes. one set.
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homologous chromosome
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meaning that each of the the 4 chromosomes that came from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent.
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gamete
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specialied cell involved in sexual reproduction
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monohybrid
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punnett square that has
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genotype
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genetic makeup
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phenotype
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physical characteristics
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What are the sex chromosomes for a human female?
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XX
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What are the the sex chromosomes for a human male?
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XY
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Descride the syndrome and the chromosomal condition:
Turner's |
in females. A female with tuner's syndrome usually inherits only 1 X chromosome. Women with this syndrome are sterile, which means that they are unable to reproduce.
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Describe the syndrome and the chromosomal condition:
Klinefelter's |
In males. the extra X chromosome (XXY) interferes with meiosis and usally prevents these individuals from reproducing.
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Describe the syndrome and the chromosomal condition:
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born with 3 copies of 21 chromosome. It produces mild to severe mental retardation.
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DNA stands for what?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA. Which ones are purines and which ones are pyrimidines?
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PURINES
adenine Guanine PYRIMIDINES Cytosine thymine |
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What is the base pairing rule and who developed this rule?
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A=T, G=C Chargaff
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What is the 3-D structure of DNA?
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double helix
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What molecules make up the sides of the DNA molecule, and what molecules are found in the middle?
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on the sides: Sugar-phosphate group
in the middle: Hydrogen bonds |
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What is replication? When does replication occur?
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before a cell divides it duplicates it's self.
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What is the job of DNA polymerase?
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the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication. the nucleotidesto produce a dna molecule. ir proofreads each new DNA strand.
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Suppose a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence of CCAGGATTA. What is the nitrogen base sequence found in the complimentary strand of DNA?
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GGTCCTAAT
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RNA stands for what?
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ribonucleic acid
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What are three differences between RNA and DNA?
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the sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA is usally single stranded, RNA contains uracil in place of thymine.
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Describe the process of transcription. In what part of the cell does transcription take place?
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the RNA polymerase binds to DNA and seperates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNA.
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describe translation. In what part of the cell does translation take place?
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decoding an mRNA message into an polpoptide. The cell uses information from mRNA to produce protiens.
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What is a codon? A codon codes for what?
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consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is to be added to the polypeptide.
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distinguish betweem mRNA and tRNA.
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m-attaches to the ribosome.
the t-recieves the ribosome |
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Why are proteins so important to a cell?
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proteins are enzymes which catalyze and regulate chemical reactions.
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Charles Darwin formed the theory of evolution by _ _.
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Natural selection
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Describe the process of natural selection.
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process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest.
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What fields of science provides evidence for evolution?
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fossil record, the geographical distribution of living species, homologous structures of living organisms, and similarities in early development, or embryology.
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What is a fossil?
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remains of ancient organisms
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Define.
Vestigial structure |
little or no function
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Homologous structure
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structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
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Species that are most closely related have DNA sequences that are (more/less) similar.
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more
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_ _ is the mechanism for change in population that occurs when individuals with the most favorable variations for a particular environment survive and pass these traits on to offspring?
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natural selection
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What is a gene pool?
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combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population.
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Genetic drift
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random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations
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mutation
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change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information.
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Population genetics studies the allele _ in a population.
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frequencies
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What are the two Hardy-Weinberg equations used by population geneticists?
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p² + 2pq + q² = 1
p = AA + ½Aa |
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List the six kingdoms.
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kingdom:Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
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Archaebacteria (what type of organisms)
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single-celled procaryotic organisms, without a cell wall
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Eubacteria (what type of organisms)
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single-celled procaryotic organisms, with cell walls. sometin=mes form colonies of clumps or filaments.
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Protista (what type of organisms)
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Eukaryotic; usually unicellular; some multicellular or colonial; heterotrophic or autotrophic organisms.
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kingdom Fungi
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Eukaryotic; heterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular; mostly decomposers
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Kingdom Plantae
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eukaryotic; multicellular and nonmotile; possess chloroplasts; autotrophs
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Kingdom Animalia
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multicellular; eukaryotic; heterotrophs lack cell wall
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Taxonomy is the science of what?
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classification. Its: scientists classify organisms and assign each organism a universally accepted name.
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Who is considered to be the founder of modern taxonomy?
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Carolus Linnaeus
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List the levels of the taxonomic scheme from the most inclusive (largest) to least inclusive catagory.
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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The naming of an organism using two names is called _ _.
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binomial nomenclature
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The scientific name of an organism is composed of what two taxonomic categories?
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Genus and Species
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What is a dichotomous key?
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is a series of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.
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List 5 characteristics that are common to all animals.
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Eukaryote
No cell walls No chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph |
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The kingdom Animalia is divided into what two subkingdoms?
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Parazoa and Eumetazoa. Parazoans dont have organs systems. Eumetazoans do.
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Reptiles became very successful land animals due in part to the development of the _ egg.
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amoniotic
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List and state the function of the parts of the amniotic egg.
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eggshell and composed of that create a protective enviroment in which the embryo can develop out of the water.
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Distinguish between bilateral and radial symmetary.
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bilateral-only one line of symmetry.
radial- many lines of symmetry |
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The three germ layers that most animals are derived from are _, _, and _.
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acoelomate; Pseudocoelomate; Coelomate
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Acoelomate
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digestive cavity
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pseudocoelomate
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digestive tract
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coelomate
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no body cavity
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List the modern reptiles, and give an ex. in each order.
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Lizard and Snakes-squamata, Gila
Crocodillians- Nile croc Turtle and Tortoises- Red-eared slider turtle Tuatara |
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What are some adaptations found in birds that allow them to fly?
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efficient digestive, respiratory, and circulatory systems. aerodynamic feathers and wings; strong lightweight bones; and strong chest muscles.
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A _ is the most unique structure found in a bird.
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feather
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Wat are the three different groups of mammals?
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Monotremes, Marsupials, Placental
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What group of mammals contain pouches?
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Marsupials
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What group of mammals lay eggs?
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Monotremes
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What of mammal is human?
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opposable thumb
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What is the name of the gland that secretes milk?
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mammary gland
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The female parts of the flower include what?
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Ovary, Ovule, stigma
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The male part of the flower is called what?
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Stamen
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