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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why did Mendel chose Pisum sutivum, the garden pea, for his experiments.
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He was able to find several varieties of Pisum sativum that differed in easly distinguishable traits, he knew that he could expect one of the two forms of each trait to disappear in one generation and reappear in the next, and the pea is a small, easy to grow plant that matures quickly and produces in large numbers
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Step 1 of Mendel's garden pea experiment produved the__.
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P generation
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In tbe F2 generation is Mendel's experiments, the ratio of dominant to recessive traits was__.
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3:1
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The trait that was expressed in the F1 generation in Mendel's experiment is cnsidered__.
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dominant
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Mendels law of segregation states that__.
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teh members of each pair of alleles separate when gametes are formed.
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A cross between snapdragon with red flowers and one with white flowers produves a snapdragon with pink flowers. Teh trait for flower color exhibits__.
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incomplete dominance
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Which of the following is NOT considered a genetic disorder?
A.sickle cell anemia, B.Hemophilia, C.AIDS, D.cystic fibrosis |
C.AIDS
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Which chromosome would a sex-linked trait be found on in humans
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X
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A method that will enable a couple to understand teh nature of hereditary disorder and teh risk for passing it on to their offspring is__.
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genetic counseling
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True or False.
Teh transmission of traits from parent to offspring is called heredity. |
True
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True or False
When Mendel cross polinated two varieties from tehe P generation that exhibited contrasting traits, he called the offspring teh second filial, or F2 generaion. |
False
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True or Fals
In Mendel's experiments, teh recessive traits reappeared in teh F2 generation in approximately 25% of the plants. |
True
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True or False
What Mrndel called factors are today called genus. |
True
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True or False
Each copy of a genus is called an allele. |
True
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True or False
Mendel's law of independent assortment holds tru for all genes, regardlews of location. |
False
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True or False
When you toss a coin, teh probability that it will land headesup is 1/4, or 25% |
False
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Tru or false
A dihybrid cross between 2 individuals that are heterozygous for both pairs of traits will produce offspring that are likely to have 9 different genotypes taht will result in 4diffrent phenotypes. |
True
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True or false
Genes with more that 2 alleles are regerred to as having multiple alleles. |
True
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True or False
Hemophilia is caused by a mutated allele that produces a defective for of the protein hemoglobin. |
False
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Teh branch of biology that studies heredity is called__.
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genetics
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A flower fertilizes itself through a process known as__.
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self pollination
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Teh three generation of plants in Mendel's experiments were the __ teh __, and teh __..
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P generation, F1 generation, F2 generation.
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The__ or physical appearance of and indicidual is determined by teh alleles that code for teh traits. The set of alleles that and individual has is called its__.
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phenotype, genotype
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The likelihood that a specific event will occur is called__.
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probability
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A genetic cross between a pea plant that is true breeding for green pod color and one that is true breeding for yellow pod color is an example of a__ cross.
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monohybrid
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Sometimes several genes influence a trait, producing a variety of phenotypes on a continuum from one extreme to the other. Traits of this type are said to exhibit __ __.
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continuous variation
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Mutations in genetic material may produce __ __ such as cystic fibrosis and muscular dystropy
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genetic disorders
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__ is a condition that impairs the blood's ability to clot.
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Hemophilia
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A trait that is determined by a gene found only on teh X chromosome is called a __ __.
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sex-linked trait
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__, a genetic disorder that may cause sever mental retardation, can now be detected in a newborn babies by an inexpensive lab test.
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PKU
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Name Mendel's two laws of heredity.
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teh law of segregation and teh law of independent assortment.
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Name two genetic disorders that are sex-linked
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Hemophilia; Muscular dystrophy
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The law of segregation states that __.
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alleles of a gene seperate from each other during meiosis.
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If a characteristic is sex linked it__.
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iccurs mostly in males
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What device is used to organize genetic analysis?
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Punnett Square
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When two members fo teh F1 generation are allowed to breed with each other, teh offsprin are reffered to as__.
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F2 generation
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Both archaebacteria and eubacteria are _.
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prokaryotes
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Teh process thattakes plave when two parents contribute genetic material that recombines during the formation of offspring is called__.
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sexual reproduction
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Many biologist believe that sexual reporduction developed as a mechanism to __.
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repair DNA
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Eukaryotic organisms are characterized by three types of sexual life cycles:
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sygotic meiosis, gametic meiosis, and sporic meiosis
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Carl Linnaeus developed a system for naming organisms called__.
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binomial nomenclature
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Today scientists classify organisms into a heirarchial system with secen basic levels:
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Kingdon, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
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A group of organisms that share many characteristics and interbreed with each other is called a __.
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species
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true or flase
TEh cell walls of archaebacteria are made of peptidoglycan. |
False
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True or False
Mitochondria reproduce by simple fission. |
True
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True or False
Asexual reproduction allows for genetic variability |
False
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True or False
Many species f protists form diploid cells as a result o enviormental stress |
True
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True or False
A multicellular organism is composed of many cells that are associated with each other and integrate their activites |
True
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True or false
TEh science of naming and classifying organisms is clled taxonomy |
True
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True or False
Two differnet organisms may be assigned the same scientific name |
False
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Methanogens are __ __ ,organisms taht are poisoned by oxygen.
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obligate anerobes
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Teh earliest group or eukaryotes are all __.
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protists
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Off spring that result from __ reporudction can always maintain a parents successful gene combinatin.
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asexual
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Many protists form __, consisting of many cells with little or no integration.
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colony
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The latin word for "group" is __.
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Genus
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When you write a scientific name, teh first letter f the genus name is always __ and teh first letter ofteh second word is always __.
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capitalized, underlined
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Each particle of TMV is made of only two kinds of molecules. These kinds are:
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teh nucleic acid RNA and protein.
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Viruses and cells are alike in that both
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reproduce
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Icosahedron regers to the structure of a virus's__.
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capsid
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HIV can reproduce only within __.
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human cells
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When a bacterium has a cell wall with a large amount of peptidoglycan, it is __.
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gram- positive
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Bacterial cells lack __.
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chromosomes
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Tuberculosis is a disease of the __.
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respitory system
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capsid
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teh protein sheath that surrounds a virus's core of nucleic acid
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envelope
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surrounds the capsid of many viruses and helps them gain entry into celss
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glycoproteins
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proteins with carbohydrate molecules attached
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bacteriophage
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bacterial virus with capsid that is a polyhedral
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pathogen
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an agent that causes disease
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antibody
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a protein secreted by by cells in the imune system in response to a foreign substance in the body
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reverse transcriptase
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enzyme in a retrovirus that manufactures DNA that is complementary to the virus's RNA.
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retrovirus
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a virus that transcribes DNA from an RNA template
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bacillus
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a rod shaped bacterial cell
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coccus
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a spherical bacterial cell
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spirillum
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a spiral bacterial cell
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capsule
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the gelatinous layer outside of the cell wall and membrane of many bacteria
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gram positive
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bacterium posessing a cell wall with large amount of peptidoglycan
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gram negative
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bacterium possessing a cell wall with a thin layer
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endospore
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thick wall formed by som ebacteria to protect their chromosome in times of enviormental stress
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heterocyst
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specialized structure found in many cyanobacteria that contains enzyme capable of converting nitrogen gas into ammonium
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A __ is a strang of nucliec acid encased in a protein coat that infects cells and replicates within them
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virus
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Viruses must rely on __ __ for reproduction.
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living cells
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Teh nucliec acid found in most viruses is __.
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DNA
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__ of E. coli have 2 main functions: to adhere to surfaces and to join bacterial cells prior to teh transfer of DNA from one cell to another.
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gram negative
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In the presence of hydrogen-rich chemicals, __ bacteria can manufacture all of their own amino acids and proteins.
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chemoautrotrophic
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__ , such as penicillin, work by interferin with the pathogenic micro organisms's cellular processes
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atibiotic
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__ __ is carried from infeted animals by ticks
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Lyne disease
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What did Wendel Stanley conclude about the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in 1933?
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TMV is chemical matter rather than a living organism
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How does E. Coli reproduce?
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binary fission
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Some pathogens damage the body by teh production of __.
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toxins
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E. coli is an example of a bacerium that has short, thin,hairlike projectins called __.
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pili
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Cell organelles that E. coli and other bacteria have in common with eukaryotes are __.
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ribsomes
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True or false
The first protists were prokaryotes |
False
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True or False
Teh kingdom Protista contains all eukaryotes that cannot be classified as animals,plants, or fungi. |
True
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True or False
Protists can parasitize animals, but they cannot parasitize plants. |
False
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True or False
Oomycetes are sometimes called water molds |
True
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True or False
Amoebic dysentery is usually passed from person to person by coughing and sneezing |
False
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Zoospores are produced as a result of __.
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mitosis
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Teh haploid gamete producing phase in the life cycle of some protists is known as the __.
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gametophyte
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Green algae are considered to be the ancestors of __.
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the plant kingdom
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A mass of cytoplasm that can ooze around obstacles and even pass through cloth is most likely a __.
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slime mold
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TEh process in which two paramecia come together after meiosis to exchange parts of their genetic material is called __.
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conjugation
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Teh protozoan that causes malaria reproduves in the __ of humans.
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red blood cells
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Two importantfeatures that evolved in the protists were sexual reproduction and __.
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melticellularity
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Diatoms exhibit radial or __ symmetry
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bilateral
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amoebas
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protists with no cell wall or flagella that live in fresh water, salt water and teh soil
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forams
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marine protists that live in sand or attach to other organisms or rocks
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diatoms
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photosynthetic, unicellular protists ith unique double shells made of silica; they are abundant in oceans and lakes
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dinoflagellates
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unicellular photosynthetic protists, most with two flagella; teh majority are marine and are often a component of plankton
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oomycetes
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water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews that often grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water
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Some protists have __, small organelles containing light sensitive pigments that detect changes in teh quality and intensity of light.
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eye spots
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Diatoms can have one of the two tpes of symmetry:
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radial, bilateral
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Teh collar cells draw water through the sponge's many pores and into teh internal cavity of teh sponge by beating their __.
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flagella
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Teh support for most sponges is provided within the mesenchyme by a simple skeleton composed of protein fibers called __.
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spongin
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Sessile animals are __.
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immobile
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Hydras attach themselves to rocks or water plants by means of a sticky secretion produved by the __.
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basal disk
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A ring shaped coral island that forms far out at sea is nown as __.
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atoll
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Tapeworms absorb food from the host's intestine through their __.
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mouth
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Teh simplest animal that has a digestive tube open at both ends is the __.
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round worm
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Amoebocyte
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an amoebalike cell in a sponge that moves through teh body cells suplying nutrients and removing wastes
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spongin
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tough, flexible protein fibers that make up the skeleton of some sponges
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spicules
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tiny, hard needles of silica or calcium carbonate that make up the skeleton of some sponges
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gemmules
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produced by some freshwater sponges, these food filled balls of amoebocytes have protective coats that enable them to survive harsh conditions that may kill the adult sponge
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Hydrozoa
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the most primitive cnidarians
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planulae
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free-swimming larvae
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Scyphodozoa
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jellyfish are members of this class of cnidarians
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Anthozoa
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the largest class of cnidarians, which includes sea anemones and corals
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flukes
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parasitic flatworms of the class Trematoda
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endoparasites
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parasites that live inside their hosts
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ectoparasites
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parasites that live on teh external surface of their hosts
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flame cells
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in plkanaria, specialized cells with beating tufts of cilia that draw water through pores to the outside of teh worm's boday
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tegument
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thick protective covering of cells that protects endoparasites from being digestd by their host
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proglottids
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the rectangular body sections of the tapeworm
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An organism that produves both eggs and sperm is called a __.
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hermaphrodite
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Some sponges have both __ and __ to strengthen their bodies
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spongin and spicules
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Eggs of a ertain individual sponge cannot be fertilized bt the sperm of the __ __.
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same sponge
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The Portuguese man of war is a member of the class __.
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Hydrozoans
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Most hydrozoans are colonial organisms whose polyps reproduce __ by forming small buds on the outside of their body.
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asexually
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Dugesia must extend its muscualr __ out of its ventrally lovated mouth in order to feed
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mouth
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Humans can become infected by beef tapeworms if they eat beef that is not __.
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cooked
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The fertilized eggs of both mollusks and annelids develop into a distinct larval form called a __.
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trochophore
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Most mollusks have a __.
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three chambered heart and an open circulatory system
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The great evolutionary advancement achieved by the annelids is __.
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segmentation
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All annelids have a__.
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closed circulatory system and a series of hearts
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When soil in the digestive passage of an earthworm leaves the crop, it passes directly to the __.
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gizzard
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True or false
Mollusks and annelids are not related |
True
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True or False
Most mollusks breathe with ciliated gills located in their mantle cavity |
True
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True or False
Of all the mollusks, only octopuses and squids have closed circulatory systems. |
True
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True or False
Bivalves reproduce asexually |
False
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True or False
During the evolution of slugs and nudibrachs, their shell was lostq |
true
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True or false
Teh spevies of teh class Cephalopoda are sessile filter feeders |
False
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True or false
Cephalopods exhibit both sexes |
True
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True or False
Most Annelids have external bristles called setae |
True
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True or false
An annelid's blood does not typically contain hemoglobin |
false
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True or false
Polychaetes are terrestrial worms that tunnel through the soil. |
False
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True or False
Earthworms are hermaphrodites |
True
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__ and __ were probably the first major groups to develop a true coelom
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mollusk, annelid
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Bivalves feed by sucking sea water through hollow tubes called __.
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siphin
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The trochophore larvae of marine bivalves and marine gastropods develop into a second stage called a __.
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viliger
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The circulatory system of an earthworm includes a series of __.
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hearts
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Leeches lacke the external appendages known as __ and __.
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parapodia, seta
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A crustacean sessile as an adult.
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barnicle
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What is ancestor of arthropod?
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annelids
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Appendages scorpions use to capture prey
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palps
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Structure in insects used for getting rid of waste
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Malpigian tubules
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What determines social in insects?
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genetics
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What is purpose of teh ovipositor
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to dig the hole to place the eggs in
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Structures on spiders abdomen that direct flow of silk
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spinaretes
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3 subphyla of arthropods
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crustaceans, uniramia, chelicera
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4 stages of complete metamorphasis
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egg, larva, pupa, adult
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butterfly pupa stage
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chrysalis
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larva stage of a butterfly
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caterpillar
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arthropods that have jaws
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mandibulates
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tube like structures that exchange air in grasshopper
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trachea
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opening that lead into trachea
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spiracles
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structure emerging from main body
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apendage
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exoskeleton of most terrestrial arthropods
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chitin
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proper term for molting
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ecdysis
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fused head and body segmenets
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cephlathorazx
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What class do crustaceans belong to?
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decapods
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grasshoppers hearing organ
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tympanum
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second stage of incomplete metamorphosis
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nymph
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what do we call respitory structure in spiders?
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book lungs
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