Biology

Front 1

how is a system maintained?

Back 1

by the energy that flows through. the E is dissipated once it flows through

Front 2

3 aspects of energy:

Back 2

1) Thermal
2) Trophic
3) Evolutionary

Front 3

Thermal Energy

Back 3

ex: water absorbs heat then evaportaes and effects the climate of the area.
differential heating of surfaces - climate affected by heating of surfaces.

Front 4

Trophic

Back 4

Solar radiation:
SR->plants->H->C->C
----
decomposers->consum->C

Front 5

Evolutionary

Back 5

adaptation
success defines by representation of genes in next generation. organisms that capture more E, have more E for reprodution and thus more likely to be represented in next generation.

Front 6

Standing Crop

Back 6

the amount of 'stuff' available at each trophic level

Front 7

primary productivity

Back 7

rate of E capture/time. used for respiration, reproduction, growth, etc.

Front 8

What is the predominant form of E??

Back 8

Gravity - attratction of masses. produces lights, pulls H20 down, etc.

Front 9

First law of thermodynamics

Back 9

conservation of energy - no E created of destroyed during transfer. "Book-Keeping"

Front 10

Darwin-Lotka Law

Back 10

Natural selection favors systems that aren't necessarily efficient but have the max E flow through system. Ex: Antelope

Front 11

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 11

every energy conversion leads to loss of free E in the system. system tends to degrade and go to a more probably state. "No Free Lunch"

Front 12

Energy subtidaries

Back 12

Ex: Salt marshes - the energy from decomposition in salt marshes is put into system to supply estuaries. salt marsh makes the whole region productive. ex: fossil fuels -> for every 1 cal. corn produced use 5.6 cal of fossil fuels.

Front 13

Three energy sources:

Back 13

-Solar radiation -99.98%
-geothermal energy - E from the center of the earth
-Tidal - attraction of moon and earth causes gravity pull that produces tides.

Front 14

Energy fixation

Back 14

So - incident solar radiation
S5 - energy fixed by photosynthesis
I - ingestion(amount of E in ailmentary track)
A - assimilation (amount of E absorbed from gut)
R - respiration (amount of E used in metabolism and heat production)
NP -net productivity (E accumulated after resp.)

Front 15

Assimilation Ratio /Efficiency
Plants Problem

Back 15

They have low assimilation. Only a certain amount of the E they take in can be used.

Front 16

How do plants obatin energy

Back 16

Radial Symmetry

Front 17

Herbavoires

Back 17

they get more E than plants b/c they eat subtances w/ similar bonds as themselves. problem : some plants have high gag factor and cellulose. ASSIMILATION DEPENDS ON QUALITY

Front 18

Carnivoires

Back 18

high assimilation. eat stuff they can utilize and break down

Front 19

trend:

Back 19

assimilation increases w/ higher trophic levels...

Front 20

Respiratory Efficient:

Back 20

Repiration (at a level n) / assimilation (at level n)
-- rates increase w/ trophic levels. carn. have to track down food. her. thermoregulate over plants.

Front 21

Growth Efficient:

Back 21

NP / A
-- NP decreases at higher trophic levels. amount of E for reproduction decreases.

Front 22

Progress Efficiency
(comparing assimilation at different levels)

Back 22

A(n) / A(n-1)
-- how much E passed up food chain. every E conversion, 90% of E lost.

Front 23

effects of climate

Back 23

a warmer climate causes the plants to have a higher resp. eff....have to have increaed rates of resp. in warmer conditions b/c plants don't thermoregulate.

Front 24

why do salt marshes have a high yield?

Back 24

energy substidy - the tides!

Front 25

Cedar Bog Lake

Back 25

has low producitivity. Peet in the H20 uses most of the energy.

Front 26

Silver Springs

Back 26

high productivity. has a substidy -> turtle grass supply E.

Front 27

How to increase the amount of E available???

Back 27

drop a trophic level
x: humans become vegetarians

Front 28

Why women colder than men

Back 28

men eat more food b/c they have less body fat than women. women more efficient at keeping warm. allow extremeties to get cold to keep center warm.

Front 29

trend of large animals:

Back 29

live in warmer climates...don't have to expend E to thermoregulate

Front 30

why do large animals live in open areas??

Back 30

1) grasses grow fast
2) grasses don't produce woody material
3)meristems low (will grow back quickly)
4) seeds
-- contain most highly usable material

Front 31

dinosaurs

Back 31

lived in mesosoic. had more usable plants. warmer climates. has high body temps so they didn't have to thermoregulate.

Front 32

biomagnification

Back 32

low levels of one substance at one trophic level is multiplied at higher levels (ex: isotopes from bombs after WWII)

Front 33

Where did oxygen originally come from??

Back 33

phytoplankton in ocean.

Front 34

how did organisms move from the aquatic to terrestrial?

Back 34

the ozone shielded organisms from UV.

Front 35

plant and animal compounds

Back 35

plant compounds are oxidized (low E state) and animal compounds are reduced (high E state)

Front 36

Cycle:

Back 36

low E -> high E compounds

Front 37

Where elements stored:

Back 37

C ->fossil fuels, CaCO3
H -> H20
N -> rock
S -> rock
P -> rock

Front 38

biogeochemical cycling

Back 38

cycling of critical nutrients. gases cycle rapidly.

Front 39

problem w/ biogeochemical cycling...

Back 39

loss of nutrients, too many nutrients (we add nutrients to soil)

Front 40

Evolutionary Process

Back 40

getting genes expressed that gives the organisms a hands up in the environment

Front 41

Genetic Variation

Back 41

-crossing over
-ind. assortment - mat/pat. chromosomes line up randomly along cneter
-random fertilization - random comb. of haploid cells

Front 42

Complementary genes

Back 42

- both dominant genes need to be present for a certain trait (ex: brown color)

Front 43

pleiotrophy, epistatis, and heteroisis

Back 43

-pleitrophy - gene has more than one effect (ex: sickle-cell)
-epistasis - one gene suresses the expression of another (ex: C controls what happens to B, if C not present leads to albino)
-heterosis - heterozygous advantage

Front 44

Hardy-weinberg

Back 44

a population will retain allele freq. as long as no outside source of variation is present.

Front 45

Hardy-Weinberg assumptions:

Back 45

large pop. size
no gene flow from outside
no net mutation
random mating
no selection

Front 46

The Founder Effect:

Back 46

organisms that colonize an island are not representative of the total pop.

Front 47

Bottleneck

Back 47

pop. #'s decrease during certain times. other times pop size abundant. leads to little genetic diversity

Front 48

Natural Selction

Back 48

acts of phenotypes of individuals. genotype of generations.

Front 49

phenotypic plasticity

Back 49

organisms respons their phenotype to the environment (ex: dogwood shapes)

Front 50

kinds of selection

Back 50

stabilizing, directional