Biology

Front 1

What type of cartilage is mostly associated with bone?

Back 1

Hyaline

Front 2

What is cartilage important for in terms of bones?

Back 2

Part of development and growth of bones

Front 3

Is hyaline cartilage found on the surface of articulating bones?

Back 3

Yes

Front 4

What do chondroblasts do?

Back 4

secrete extracellular matrix

Front 5

What happens when chondroblasts gets trapped in the extracellular matrix?

Back 5

They become mature chondrocytes

Front 6

Costal cartilage is where __ bones join the __

Back 6

-Rib bones join the sternum

Front 7

Respiratory cartilage is where the __ joins the ___

Back 7

-Larynx joins the Trachea

Front 8

All bones are covered with what?

Back 8

-Periosteum: vascular CT membrane which contains pain fibers

Front 9

What are osteoblasts?

Back 9

Bone forming cells for repair or fractures

Front 10

Osteoblasts secrete osteoid, which is composed of what?

Back 10

-Collagen matrix
-Calcium salts
-Minerals

Front 11

What do osteoclast cells do?

Back 11

-Break down damaged bone during repair and remodel old bone into new

Front 12

What lines the inner part of the bone? Including the canals of the compact bone, and the chambers of the spongy bone?

Back 12

Endosteum

Front 13

What are the two general structural types of bone?

Back 13

-Compact bone and Spongy bone

Front 14

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

Back 14

Osteon

Front 15

What is at the centre of each osteon?

Back 15

Central Canal

Front 16

What purpose does the perforating canal in the osteons have?

Back 16

-Blood vessels from the periosteum run through here providing the cells with nutrition

Front 17

What are lacunae in osteons?

Back 17

Tiny spaces occupied by osteocytes (mature bone cells) which also secrete bone matrix

Front 18

What are the structural units of cancellous bone?

Back 18

Trabeculae

Front 19

Do trabeculae have a central canal?

Back 19

No, but they do have osteoblasts and clasts, unlike osteons

Front 20

Does spongy bone contain red or yellow marrow?

Back 20

Yes, sometimes it is found in it's chambers

Front 21

What are the four bone shapes?

Back 21

-Long bone, Flat bone, Irregular bone, short bone

Front 22

What are the main parts of the long bone?

Back 22

-Diaphysis: shaft, manly compact bone, central medullary cavity
-Epiphysis:at each end for articulation
-Epiphyseal plate: cartilage growth plate, when bone stops growing it is called the epiphyseal line

Front 23

What is the formation of flat bone?

Back 23

-Spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Front 24

Explain Endochondral Ossification

Back 24

-Embryonic mesenchymal cells become chondroblasts, which produce a cartilage template surrounded by perichondrium
-Chondroblasts become chondrocytes, which hypertrophy, cartilage matrix becomes calcified and the chondrocytes die
-perichondrium becomes periosteum when osteochondral progenitor cells within the periosteum become osteoblasts
-blood vessels and osteoblasts from periosteum invade the calcified cartilage template- begin to form spongy bone on the inside at primary ossification centers, and later secondary centers. On the outside, they form compact bone
-Endochondral bone is remodelled

Front 25

Explain the process of bone growth

Back 25

1) Zone of resting cartilage near the epiphysis
2) Zone of proliferation- chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells
3) Zone of hypertrophy- chondrocytes mature and enlarge
4) Zone of calcification- matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die
5) Ossified bone- calcified cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the plate is replaced by bone

Front 26

Does the size of the epiphyseal plate change?

Back 26

-No, because the rate of cartilage growth on the epiphyseal side of the plate is equal to the rate of cartilage replacement by bone on the diaphyseal plate