Biology 318 Test 1

Front 1

1.)The nervous system is divided into?
2.)The central nervous system consist of?
3.)The peripheral Nervous system consist of?
4.)What is the order of the brain?

Back 1

central and peripheral
brain & spinal cord
somatic nervous system &autonomic nervous system
cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, medulla, and cerebellum

Front 2

1.)How many pairs of spinal nerves?
2.)How many of each spinal nerve?
3.)There are ___cervical nerves and ___cervical vertebrae.
4.)The somatic nervous system consist of?
5.)The autonomic nervous system consist of?

Back 2

31
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccyx
8, 7
skeletal muscle
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Front 3

1.)The central portion of the spinal cord has?
2.)grey matter is divided into?
3.)Grey matter is made up of?
4.)the white matter on each side of the cord is divided into?

Back 3

gray matter
horns
non-mylinated axons, axon ends, dendrite beginnings
funiculi

Front 4

1.)A ___is a clump of bodies outside of the CNS, while a ___is a clump of bodies in the CNS.
2.)The ___ branch has incoming nerves and outgoing nerves.
3.)The ___ takes care of the needs of the spinal cord
4.)The ___ branch of the spinal nerves takes care of the needs of your back

Back 4

ganglion, nucleus
primary
meningeal
posterior

Front 5

1.)When extension occurs when you touch a hot stove, this is called?
2.)Grey matter is grey because it does not have?
3.)If you are talking about cervical and lumbar, there will be no ___ horn, those are found from __-__.

Back 5

cross extension
myelin
lateral, t1-L2

Front 6

1.)If you are talking about spinal nerves with no lateral horn "t1-L2", these are going to spinal nerves that have something to do with the ___ and ___.
2.)The ___receives sensory messages and the ___ is mostly motor neurons going to effectors or a preganglionic sympathetic neuron in the autonomic system.

Back 6

Autonomic and sympathetic
dorsal/posterior horn, ventral/anterior horn

Front 7

1.)what is another word for funiculi?
2.)Once the tissue has exited the foramen magnum it is called the?
3.)once the truer spinal nerve exits it is divided into three branches called the __, ___, and ___

Back 7

columns
spinal cord
posterior, meningeal, anterior

Front 8

1.)a ___ is formed by the anterior branch that crosses over, or anastomoses, and puts together neurons going to the same place.
2.)___ includes c1-c5 and takes care of the special needs deep in your neck, if you damage these you may have troubles swallowing or coughing.
3.)___includes c4-t1and takes care of the nerves going to the left and right arms and shoulders
4.)why is there an enlargement near the lumbar region?

Back 8

plexus
cervical
brachial
there are extra neurons going to the arms and legs

Front 9

1.)___-___ branches do not participate in a plexus because they are going to take care of the trunk that is located nearby.
2.)The spinal cord ends at?
3.)coming out from the cord appears to be a horse-like tail which are nerves that form the ___

Back 9

T2-T11
L2
cayda equina

Front 10

1.)The central canal, which contains a little CSF, is lined with ___cells.
2.)Layers of meningeals: Anchored directly to the spinal cord is the ___, followed by a spaced called the ___.
3.)The subarachnoid space is filled with ___ from the __ and ___ apertures.

Back 10

ependymal
pia mater, subarachnoid space
CSF, medial, lateral

Front 11

1.)above the arachnoid space is the ___layer which contains ___ and ___.
2.)above the arachnoid layer is the ___ which is potential space.
3.)Above the subdural space is the?

Back 11

arachnoid layer, capillaries, blood vessles
subdural space
dura mater

Front 12

1.)The space above the dura mater is the ___space that helps absorb shock.
2.)Between the wall of the vertebrae and the dura mater are ___that anchors the cord in place, you DO NOT want the cord to move.
3.)If you are doing a spinal tap, you are retrieving CSF from the ___, not the central canal
4.)the brain has no ___space.

Back 12

epidural
support
subarachnoid space
epidural

Front 13

1.)if something can convert thermal energy to electrochemical energy, it is a?
2.)The main unit of a membrane is the ___layer
3.)Scattered about the membrane are ___and ___ proteins
4.)What is cholesterols job on the membrane?

Back 13

receptor
double phospholipid
integral, peripheal
Makes sure the membrane stays together and is flexible not rigid

Front 14

1.)In order to be alive, a cell must have a ____ which is said to be -70mv.
2.)The is more __on the outside during the resting membrane potential and more ___ on the inside during the resting membrane potential.
3.)___has a easier time moving in than out

Back 14

resting membrane potential
sodium, potassium
potassium

Front 15

1.)what contributes to the -70 mv of the resting membrane potential.
2.)What are the steps that happen from when you touch a hot store till you feel the impulse?

Back 15

PO4, SO4, and negatively charged proteins
Heat causes peripheral protein to move opening the gate allowing sodium to move into the membrane because opposite charge, then it moves from -70mv to -50 which is the threshold which is called depolarization until it gets to +35mv, as it gets closer to +35mv, it tells sodium gate to close and potassium to open which is then repolarization. Then the potassium channels gets lazy and it hyperpolarizes.

Front 16

1.)It takes ___ sodium and ___ potassium to get it back to -70mv.
2.)As the action moves away from its source it can die out which makes it a ___potential.
3.)what determines if an action will die out?

Back 16

3, 2
graded
intensity of the stimulus causing it.

Front 17

1.)If the stimulus reaches the axon, it has no choice and the _____law states that it will have to go along the cells and theres no turning back.
2.)how long does an action potential take?
3.)another word for depolarization and repolarization.

Back 17

all or none
1/1000 of a second
influx, efflux

Front 18

1.)The ___ time in an action potential is when depolarization is occurring and tells you that no mater what kind of stimulus may be waiting, it cannot get another action potential to begin because it is occurring already.
2.)The ___can have action potential if stimulus is strong enough

Back 18

absolute refraction
relative refraction

Front 19

1.)The absolute refraction time for ___ is significantly longer than a skeletal muscle cell.
2.)action potentials are produced on ___, local potentials are produced on ___.

Back 19

cardiac muscle
voltage gated channels on trigger zone (axon hillock), gated channel dendrites and soma

Front 20

1.)what does decremental mean?
2.)action potentials are ___, while graded potentials are ___
3.)Once an action potential gets to the ___, it has no choice but to go.
4.)If the action potential happens, it will be transported and terminated in the ___.

Back 20

process of decreasing or becoming gradually less
non-decremental, decremental
axon
dorsal horn

Front 21

1.)axons are coated with a fatty substance called myelin and myelinated sheaths in the PNS are made from ___, while sheaths in the CNS are made from___.
2.)___cells have the ability to release a chemical to repair nerves if severed, while ___ do not have this ability.

Back 21

schwann cells, oligodendrocytes
schwann, oligodendrocytes

Front 22

1.)Scar tissue formation prevents a message from getting across, all movement of ___ comes to an end if it is scarred.
2.)The number of ___ are fewer on the membrane wrapped by fatty myelin and help reduce the number of action potentials.
3.)It takes much longer to send a message on a __axon than a ___axon, this is called saltatory transmission.

Back 22

sodium ions
sodium channels
bare, segmented

Front 23

1.)At the end of the axon is the axon knob, which is filled with small vesicles of ___
2.)The first event is the influx of ___ions into the knob from extracellular fluid.
3.)The amount of calcium that goes into the knob is dependent on how many ___get to the point and the intensity of the stimulus.

Back 23

ACH
calcium
action potentials

Front 24

1.)When the calcium ions go into the knobs, they make the small vesicles of ACH merge into larger ones and when they are big enough they burst and the ACH oozes out into the ___.
2.)The amount of ACH that is released is determined by the amount of ____ that occur.

Back 24

synaptic space
action potentials

Front 25

1.)In the synaptic space are many enzymes such as?
2.)Acetylcholinsterase removes ACH from its receptor and breaks t down into
3.)A neurotransmitter that can be resynthesized in the knobs will be ____?
4.)The ACH will attach to its receptor on a dendrite an cause an influx of ___.

Back 25

acetylcholinsterase
choline & acetyl
more quickly replaced
sodium ions

Front 26

1.)the moment of things in the axon is called transport and there are two types, what are they?
2.)Moving things from the body to the end of the axon is called ____ and the carrier molecule needed to move these chemicals is?

Back 26

anterograde, retrograde
anterograde, kinesin

Front 27

1.)Moving things from the knob to the body is called ___ and the carrier molecule needed to move these chemicals is?
2.)Some neurotransmitters are released into the space, dislodged from their receptor, and diffuse out of the synaptic space and picked up by ___, which will take it back to the cell so it can be reused.
3.)Astrocytes are ___cells of the brain

Back 27

retrograde, dyein
astrocytes
neuroglial

Front 28

1.)___are amino acids and monamins.
2.)what is an enzyme in the synaptic knob that breaks down amino acids and monamines.
3.)You have a receptor, incoming sensory neuron, it then went to the grey matter and causes a response to be made on a motor neuron, and you have a response, this is called

Back 28

MAO
monaine oxidase
simple reflex arch

Front 29

1.)no interneuron, much faster, emergency responses
2.)interneuron is present
3.)the ___means that at the same time you are telling muscle to do something, you are telling another muscle to not do something to interfere.

Back 29

monosynaptic
polysynaptic
reciprocal inhibition of antagonistic muscles

Front 30

1.)Example of the hot stove: The ___is going to be referred to as the agonist, and those muscles that contradict or try to stop the agonist is called the antagonist and in this case it would be the ___
2.)change on one side
3.)effects change on other side of body

Back 30

flexor, extensor
ipsilaterial
epsilateral

Front 31

1.)if you are in the brain and something crosses, it is not contralateral it is
2.)every reflex arch must contain what
3.)Sometimes reflexes are not enough and you need to become more aware of it, so it must go to the brain and that's where ___and __ come in.

Back 31

decussation
receptor, sensory neuron, gray matter, two motor neurons(agonist & antagonist), two effectors
ascending and descending tracts

Front 32

1.)Name the ascending tracts
2.)information that deals with movement, touch, pressure, body movement of skin muscle tendons goes through the ____tracts
3.)The fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts are ___reflexes.

Back 32

spinothalamic, spinocerebellar, fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus
fasciculus gracilis & fasciculus cuneatus
somatic(activates skeletal muscles)

Front 33

1.)if the neuron is in the fasciculus cuneatus tract, it will be called
2.)if the neuron is in the fasciculus gracilis tract, it will be called the
3.)Order of neurons: where are they?

Back 33

fasciculus cuneatus nuclei
fasciculus gracilis nuclei
1st order-fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus tracts, 2nd order-if its coming from the left side of your body it will go to the left nuclei which is multipolar, it then goes to the thalamus, 3rd order-if the thalamus decides it is important enough it will go to the cortex via the 3rd order neuron

Front 34

1.)Only ___% of your sensations actually reach the cortex
2.)You have a ___region in the cortex as well as a ___region
3.)The ___tract takes care of pain and temperature,
**Basically for ascending tracts, 1st-3rd order neurons go from the spinal cord to the brain

Back 34

1
elbow, knee
spinothalamic

Front 35

1.)Any realization of something means that it must have reached the ___
2.)The ____tract is responsible for feeding place-in-space information to your cerebellum. It also indirectly affect muscle movement and coordination.
3.)information from spinocerebellar tract will synapse in the ___ with the 1st order neuron

Back 35

cortex
spinocerebellar
dorsal horn

Front 36

1.)when the 1st order neuron synapses with the 2nd order in the spinocerebellar tract, it will go through the ___ and then become part of the ___.
2.)the main nucleus of the cerebellum is the ___
3.)The main tract that sends messages down for you to move skeletal muscle is called the ___

Back 36

inferior peduncle, arbor vitae
dentate nucleus
corticospinal tract

Front 37

1.)the tissues that connect the cerebellum to the brain are called the ___
2.)the one that connects it to the medulla oblongate is called the __
3.)the one that connects it to the pons is the ___
4.)The one that connects it to the midbrain is the ___

Back 37

cerebellar peduncles
inferior peduncles
middle peduncles
superior peduncles

Front 38

1.)embedded in the white matter near the cortex which are of concern to us are ____
2.)The basal nuclei include __, __, and __.
3.)caudates, putamen, and globis pallidus help to ____
4.)Name the descending tracts

Back 38

basal nuclei
caudate, putamen, globis pallidus
limit motion
corticospinal, anterior corticopinal, lateral corticospinal, reticulospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, rubospina

Front 39

1.)two main types of corticospinal tract
2.)The job of the corticospinal tract is to?
3.)The anterior corticospinal descending tract begins in the ___?
4.)The anterior corticospinal descending tract axon travels how?

Back 39

lateral and anterior
send messages to skeletal muscle
motor cortex
from diencephalon, mesencephalon, pons, then through medulla

Front 40

1.)the ___comes off the anterior corticospinal tract and will be in the middle peduncle which feeds place in space information to the cerebellum
2.)The lateral corticospinal descending tract also begins in the ___
3.)once the lateral corticospnal descending tract reaches the nuclei, it decussates and ___

Back 40

collateral axon
motor cortex
does not stop and synapse

Front 41

1.)The lateral corticospinal descending tract is considered ___, so it has an interneuron; while the anterior corticospinal descending tract is considered ___.
2.)axons will come down well into the medulla oblongata, not all of them but the ones that do will form the ___

Back 41

polysynaptic, monosynaptic
reticulospinal descending tract

Front 42

1.)The reticulospinal descending tract controls?
2.)The ___tract arises from, the superior colliculus of midbrain and extends to the neck.
3.)The tectospinal descending tract helps coordinate?
4.)what is the reflex capital for vision?

Back 42

posture, tone and balance
tectospinal descending tract
eye movement
superior colliculus

Front 43

1.)The ____arises from the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem.
2.)The vestibulospinal tract is responsible for?
3.)The ___does not exist in humans, but it does in animals and it helps control balance and tone.

Back 43

vestibulospinal tract
us tensing when we catch ourselves falling
rubospinal tract

Front 44

1.)ACH is a neurotransmitter and is made of?
2.)ACH is destroyed by?
3.)There is always ACH between ____?
4.)If we are talking about parasympathetic, you know there is ____

Back 44

acetic acid and choline
acetylcholinesterase
pre and postganglionic cells
ACH

Front 45

1.)Biogenic amines are modified ___ an they are low in molecular weight
2.)Name some biogenic amines
3.)example of metabotropic

Back 45

Amino Acids
dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
attaches to a receptor, which will attach to a g protein, which turns of adenocyclase then cAMP etc

Front 46

1.)____instigate the process of inflammation.
2.)____job is to isolate a problem and keep it from becoming systemic problem.
3.)what is ionotropic?
4.)negatively charged ions are ___, while positively chard ions are ___

Back 46

histamines
inflammation
opens channels and pores an let ions in
inhibitory, excitatory

Front 47

1.)GABA is ____, and it allows chloride ions to enter.
2.)Glycine is ___ while glutamate is ____
3.)___ are neurotransmitters made in the soma and have metabotropic action; also have a high molecular weight
4.)What are some examples of neuropeptides?

Back 47

inhibitory
inhibitory, excitatory
neuorpeptides
endorphins, cck, gastrin, acth

Front 48

1.)There are some neurotransmitters such as ACH and ephinephrine at some time turn something on and sometimes off; what determines if it turns something off or on depends on?
2.)What are the two main groups of receptors?
3.)___deals with ACH, while ___ deals with adrenaline and epinephrine.

Back 48

type of receptor it is attached to
cholinergic, adrenergic
cholinergic, adrenergic

Front 49

1.)Two types of cholinergic receptors?
2.)Neuromuscular junction on postganglionic neurons of autonomic system.
3.)___ attaches to the alpha subunit of the nicotinic receptor and this union opens sodium channels and is always excitatory.

Back 49

nicotinic, muscarinic
nicotinic
ACH

Front 50

1.)This is on muscle cells of GI tract(parasympathetic effector cells) and this blocks potassium efflux which makes cells more excitable.
2.)This is a receptor on smooth muscle cells of blood vessels
3.)receptors on smooth muscle cells of GI track

Back 50

muscarinic
Alpha 1
Beta 1

Front 51

1.)Neuroglial cells are found in the ___
2.)___ wrap and surround axons, responsible for the formation of myelin
3.)___cells line the ventricles and central canal
4.)cuboidal shaped ependymal cells have no ___and must anchor in this white matter.

Back 51

CNS
oligodendrocytes
ependymal
basement membrane

Front 52

1.)What help move CSF from the ventricles to interventricular foramen, 3rd ventricle, aqueduct of Sylvius, 4th ventricle, central canal, medial and lateral apertures, subarachnoid layer, then sucked up by arachnoid villi into the dural blood sinus

Back 52

cilia

Front 53

1.)Network of capillaries that together with the cuboidal cells, help make CSF.
2.)___cells indict physical problems. if you see a lot of these you may have a type of infection
3.)___are WBC with immune function, while __can crawl around an look for bad things and pathogens.

Back 53

choroid plexus
microglial
monocytes, diapendesis

Front 54

1.)___are supportive framework for blood vessels connecting to neurons
2.)During fetal development, astrocytes produce a substance that makes capillaries merge so that the holes are no longer large like other capillary beds, this is called

Back 54

astrocytes
blood brain barrier

Front 55

1.)two types of neuroglial cells in the PNS:
2.)___ are similar to oligodendrocytes and they release chemicals to encourage repair for scar tissue

Back 55

schwann cells and satellite
schwann cells

Front 56

1.)What is known as the crossing capital?
2.)The medullas has __next to the olives
3.)Every ascending and descending neuron of the brainstem is found in the ___
4.)The first order neuron of the fasciculus gracilus and cuneatus ends in the ___

Back 56

medulla
pyramids
medulla oblongata
medulla

Front 57

The ___is the tissue that makes up the wall of the 4th ventricle, you will find the spinocerebellar axons in this.
2.)The medulla contains a network of nuclei dealing with sensory functions such as? But the hypothalamus controls this

Back 57

inferior peduncle
touch, pressure, temp, taste, pain

Front 58

1.)Motor nuclei in the medulla del with what action you are going to do?
2.)what is the X cranial nerve
3.)the cardiovascular center in the medulla allow you to influence how many times your ___?
4.)what are the four pairs of spinal nerves associated with the medulla?

Back 58

vomiting respiration, sweat, coughing
vagus
heart beats
IX, X, XI, XII

Front 59

1.)what is the name of cranial nerves, IX, X, XI,XII
2.)What peduncle connects the pons to the cerebellum?
3.)In the middle penducle, you will find information traveling from the ___ from the corticospinal descending tract.

Back 59

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessoty, hypoglossal
middle
collateral branch

Front 60

1.)All ascending and descending tracts except ___ pass through the pons.
2.)What is found in the pons that deal with respiration, have to do with rythm of breathing
3.)two sub categories of the pontine in the pons that have to do with breathing

Back 60

spinocerebellar
pontine
apneustic, pneumotaxic

Front 61

1.)___is an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by deep, gasping inspiration.
2.)what regulates the respiratory rate?
3.)This is found in the pons and has to do with sleep and posture.

Back 61

apenustic
pneumotaxic
recticular formation nuclei

Front 62

1.)What cranial nerves are associated with the pons?
2.)What makes up the corpora quadrigemina?
3.)The superior colliculi is responsible for ___, while the inferior colliculi is responsible for ___.
4.)Another word for cerebral aqueduct?

Back 62

V, VI, VII, VIII
superior and inferior colliculi
visual reflex, hearing reflex
aqueduct of slyvis

Front 63

1.)what connects the 3rd ventricle with the 4th ventricle?
2.)___grey matter surrounds the cerebal awqueduct and is the nucleus of the reciculospinal tract(works in pain awareness and modulation.
3.)what makes up majority of the mesencepahlon?

Back 63

aqueduct of Sylvius
periaqueductal
cerebral peduncle

Front 64

1.)the cerebral peduncle has __ stalks that connect the cerbrum to the brainstem and contain nuclei such as?
2.)the substantia nigra plays an important role in? and it also produce what?
3.)dopamine plays an important role in?

Back 64

2, red nucleus, substantia nigra
reward, addition and movement. dopamine
parkinsons disease

Front 65

1.)the ___ peduncle connects the cerebellum to the midbrain?
2.)Job of superior peduncle?
3.)The intermediate mass of the thalamus bulges into what?

Back 65

superior
sends neurons carrying consolidated messages up to the cortex.
lateral and 3rd ventricle

Front 66

1.)___% of information does not reach the cortex?
2.)Thalamus is also called what?
3.)The thalamus relays cerebellum information to the ___ and provides feedback loop between thalamus, cortex, and basal nuclei and this allows you to refine and perfect motor skills.

Back 66

90
gate keeper
cerebrum

Front 67

1.)The thalamus is also involved in memory and emotional functions of the ____.

Back 67

limbic system

Front 68

******Different areas of thalamus: Do this certain job
1.)control limbic system
2.)awareness of emotion
3.)connects information from basal nuclei and cerebellum to motor areas of cotex

Back 68

anterior group
medial group
ventral group

Front 69

1.)contributes to limbic system also
2.)deals with relaying visual information to the occipital region and auditory information to the temporal region

Back 69

lateral group
posterior group

Front 70

1.)what makes up the floor and part of the walls of the 3rd ventricle
2.)The hypothalamus contains the __ on the inferior end and the ___ on the superior end.
3.)The mammillary body has to do with feeding behaviors in lower animals but in us it relays signals between and __ and ___

Back 70

hypothalamus
mammillary body, optic chiasma
limbic system, thalamus

Front 71

1.)In the hypothalamus, there is a pair of nuclei called the ___ that has a special blood vascular connection and goes down and affects the anterior pituitary and this is the primary regulation system for our bodies.
2.)The ___ make ADH and the ___ make oxytocin

Back 71

neurosecretory nuclei
supraoptic paraventricullar nuclei

Front 72

1.)The nuclei in the hypothalamus sends messages (___) indirectly to the ___, where the motor nuclei reside that have to deal with heart rate, BP, GI secretion, and motility.
2.)Certain chemicals are released go to a special region in the hypothalamus and adjust its temperature and increase metabolism, this is called?

Back 72

autonomic, medulla
thermoregulation

Front 73

1.)there is a center of nuclei in the hypothalamus that deals with hunger and thirst and influenced by?
2.)___pick up on levels of dehydration and release ADH.
3.)caudal portion of hypothalamus belongs to ___, which regulates sleep and wake cycles.

Back 73

medication, drugs, chemotherapy
osmoreceptors
reticular formation

Front 74

*****Regions of the Diencephalon
1.)control temperature and thirst
2.)appetite, regulating hormones released
3.)rage
4.)oxytocin, goes to posterior pituitary

Back 74

anterior nucleus
arculate nucleus
dorsal medial
periventricular nucleus

Front 75

1.)limbic system to thalamus, long term memory
2.)pariaqudular grey matter(pain management) works with it. cardiovascular system
3.)ADH(save water)
4.)reproductive hormones controller

Back 75

mammalory nucleus
posterior
super optic
pre optic

Front 76

1.)hunger surpresser
2.)works with pineal body, controls biological clocks, rhythm, female reproductive cycles.
3.)what are the special cells of the cerebellum?
4.)most abundant cell in cerebellum?

Back 76

ventromedial nucleus
supra chiasmatic
granule cells, purkinje cells
granule

Front 77

1.)Cerebellum is responsible for many things such as?
2.)___are masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the cerebrum encircling the thalamus.
3.)Primary basal nuclei

Back 77

special perception, distinguishing different pitches, judging distance, planning schedules, impulse control.
basal nuclei
caudate, putamen, globis pallidus

Front 78

1.)These are categories of the basal nuclei. What is
considered the lentiform nucleus? The corpus striatum?
2.)The basal nuclei receive information from the ___ and motor areas of the cortex to control muscle activity and rhythmic motion

Back 78

putamen and globis pallidus. All three(putamen, globis pallidus, caudate
substantia nigra

Front 79

1.)Sometimes the substantia nigra is considered to be a ___?
2.)Some scientist consider the ___ as a basal nucleus because of its location but it does not function like the others.
3.)what is the amygdeloid important in?

Back 79

basal nuclei
amygdeloid nucleus
limbic system

Front 80

1.)the cortex is __mm thick and is ___% of brain mass.
2.)the cortex is considered to have ___ billion neurons
3.)What are the two primary cells of the cortex?
4.)__are round cells with projects that receive and process sensory information

Back 80

2-3, 40
14-16
stellate, pyramidal
stellate

Front 81

1.)the cell in the cortex has to do with the corticospinal descending tract
2.)The ___cortex is the front half of the brain while the ___cortex is the back half of the brain
3.)the ___separates the sensory cortex and the motor cortex

Back 81

pyramidal
motor, sensory
central sulcus

Front 82

1.)the central sulcus is between the __and __.
2.)what are the different areas of the cortex in order
3.)what area is found in the premotor?

Back 82

primary motor and primary sensory
prefrontal, premotor, primary motor, primary sensory, sensory association, visual association, primary visual cortex.
brocha

Front 83

***areas of the cortex roles
1.)conscious, adding, subtracting
2.)feeds into primary motor constantly, repetitive activity, texting, bike riding
3.)pyramidal cells gather information, personality, corticospinal descending tract comes out of here

Back 83

prefrontal
premotor
primary motor

Front 84

1.)represented by all body parts, goes to sensory association, pressure, movement, temp
2.)memory bank
3.)also memory bank
4.)what someone is seeing, goes to visual association

Back 84

primary sensory
sensory association
visual association
primary visual cortex

Front 85

1.)control muscles that allow you to speak
2.)hearing, their is also an association
***theres also a short term memory part in the temporal lobe
3.)appropriate response area
4.)this is where the parietal, occipital, temporal lobes merge; geniuses

Back 85

brocha's,
auditory
Wernicke's area
general interpretive

Front 86

1.)auditory reflex goes to the?
2.)What lines the ventricles? followed by?
3.)going out from the choroid plexus you have what in the correct order?

Back 86

inferior colliculus
ependymal cells, choroid plexus
pia mater, subarachnoid space, arachnoid space, dura mater, skull

Front 87

1.)All the ventricles contribute to the production of?
2.)We make about ___mL of CSF per day
3.)How much CSF can the system hold at one time?
4.)Flow of CSF

Back 87

CSF
500
100-160
lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen, 3rd ventricle, aqueduct of sylvius, 4th ventricle, lateral/medial aperetures(Russian holes), subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, dural sinus, capillary bed, venules, veins, then heart

Front 88

1.)the dura mater is considered to be the __ and with magnification you can find spaces embedded in here that are blood vascular structures. The fluid in here will be going back to the bloodstream via a vein, it is more CSF than anything but still considered a what?

Back 88

meningeal
blood product

Front 89

1.)To send a message from the spinal cord to a skeletal muscle, it only took __neuron
2.)The autonomic nervous system takes care of body functions that we do not want to pay attention to constantly such as?

Back 89

1
peristalsis, secretion, diameter of blood vessels

Front 90

1.)What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?
2.)The sympathetic usually ___in expenditure of energy
3.)The ___is found only coming of the spinal cord
4.)The neurotransmitter in the sympathetic between the preganglionic and postganglionic is ___ and at the effector it is ___and its considered to be adrenergic

Back 90

sympathetic and parasympathetic
increase
sympathetic
ACH, norepinephrine

Front 91

1.)In the sympathetic, the preganglionic tends to be ___and the postganglionic tends to be ___.
2.)The ___is responsible for day-to-day activity.
3.)the parasympathetic is found coming off what?
4.)The sympathetic is know to ___while the parasympathetic is know to ___

Back 91

short, long
parasympathetic
brain and spinal cord
speed up, slow down

Front 92

1.)what grabs the CSF once it gets by the dural sinus?
2.)because the brain is sitting in the skull and it has buoyancy, it would weigh ___, but if you just simply take it out the brain it would weigh 1500g
3.)In the parasympathetic, the neurotransmitter between the preganglionic and postganglionic is ___ while the neurotransmitter at the effector is ___and it is considered to be cholinergic

Back 92

villi
50g
ACH, ACH

Front 93

1.)In the sympathetic and parasympathetic system, there will always be ___neuron going to a ganglion and a second neuron going to an effector.
2.)The only place in your body that you can find neurons that belong to the sympathetic system are from ___ none in the cranial nerves

Back 93

1
T1-L2

Front 94

1.)the ___takes care of the blood vessels of your legs
2.)In t1-l2, you will find an extra branch call the ___.
3.)The visceral branch includes two pathways, they are?
4.)we control the diameter of the blood vessel by controlling the number of ___in time

Back 94

sacral ganglia
visceral branch
gray and white rami
action potentials

Front 95

1.)people who have blood pressure problems because of the amount of times the action potentials zap increases will respond to a ___, which will reduce the receptors ability to pick up on the zap and block it.

Back 95

beta blocker

Front 96

***still talking about blood vessel constriction scenario
1.)the preganglionic neuron will leave and travel through the white ramus and synapse with the postganglionic neuron in the ___, ACH is neurotransmitter released
2.)The axons will not be myleinated and will travel through the gray ramus and out the tunica media of the blood vessel, __will not occur here because it is non-myleinated

Back 96

paravertebral chain ganglion
saltatory transmission

Front 97

1.)Many things in your body are controlled by neurons of the ___branch
2.)All of the neurons that start in the lateral horn go through the ___root
3.)4 collateral ganglia we need to know

Back 97

anterior
ventral
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, hypogastric

Front 98

***collateral ganglia that affect these areas
1.)stomach, pancreas, liver
2.)small intestine
3.)large intestine
4.)urinary bladder, genitals

Back 98

celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
hypogastric

Front 99

1.)the only place you will find preganglionic motor type neurons that belong to the parasympathetic system will be found in cranial nerves ___
2.)The most important nerve that you will find in these fibers is the ___which takes care of heart and lung function

Back 99

III(oculomotor), VII(facial), IX(glossopharyngeal), X(vagus)
X(vagus)

Front 100

1.)the limbic system is made up of ___on top of corpus callosum
2.)The ___nucleus is one of the basal nuclei that belong to this system in regards to function
3.)What are some of the things that belong to the limbic system

Back 100

cingulate gyrus
amygdeloid
fornix, basal nuclei, anterior thalamic nuclei, hippocampus of hypothalamus, mammillary bodies

Front 101

1.)the limbic system controls ___, not cognitive
2.)The limbic system regulates ____system with release of hormones
3.)The ___nucleus controls your emotional brain because it releases factors that affect the pituitary and tells it which hormones to release

Back 101

emotional
autonomic
neurosecretory

Front 102

1.)the limbic system communicates with ___brain to prevent certain emotions that could lead to death or cardiac arrest (rage, hatred, grief)
2.)Thick filaments consist of?
3.)thin filaments consist of?

Back 102

cognitive
myosin
tropomyosin, troponin

Front 103

1.)___is a thin filament and when a muscle fiber is relaxed, each of these blocks the active sites of six or seven g-proteins.
2.)Each tropomyosin has a smaller calcium-binding protein called ___bound to it
3.)___is shaped like a golf club and several hundred of these make up a thick filament.

Back 103

tropomyosin
troponin
myosin

Front 104

1.)Point where a nerve fiber meats a target cell is called?
2.)When a nerve fiber meets a target cell and its target cell is a muscle fiber, it is called?
3.)at each synapse, the nerve fiber ends in a bulbous swelling called?

Back 104

synapse
neuromuscular junction
synaptic know

Front 105

1.)The knob doesn't directly touch the muscle fiberbut is separated from it by a narrow space called?
2.)The synaptic knob contains spheroidal organelles called ___ filled with ACH.
3.)the electrical signal causes the synaptic vesicles to release ___?

Back 105

synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
ACH

Front 106

1.)Explain the relationship of the nerve to the muscle

Back 106

Nerve signal arrives and causes calcium channels to open, which stimulates synaptic vesicles to release ACH, ACH binds to receptor and the whole depolarization/repolarization thing happens, then action potentials open voltage gated channels in t-tubule, calcium then binds to troponin, then troponin/tropomyosin complex changes shape exposing the active sites on actin filaments, then ATP must be present on myosin head to contract