Biology 310 First Exam - Wsu

Front 1

Chemically, all organisms are comprised of the same 4 classes of polymers. These are called ___?

Back 1

Polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

Front 2

Nucleic Acids are broken down to ___, which are used to reassemble nucleic acids that may differ by the ___.

Back 2

Nucleotides, order.

Front 3

Amino acids are assembled into long strings called ___.

Back 3

Proteins

Front 4

Cells come in two fundamental kinds based on their morphology these are ___ and ___.

Back 4

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Front 5

Of the two fundamental kinds of cells, which kind are capable of sexual reproduction as we have studied it in class?

Back 5

Eukaryotic

Front 6

RNA and DNA are both comprised of nucleotide chains, but differ in serveral important ways. One major difference is the number of chains in a molecule. How many chains in RNA molecules? How many in DNA?

Back 6

1, 2

Front 7

Transcription and translation are the two mechanisms that convert the "information" in DNA into the function provided by proteins. Are these processes fundamentally the same or different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Back 7

Same

Front 8

Fundamentally, reproduction is transmitting a copy of DNA information to the next cellular generation. DNA has the same basic structure in all cells. Is the mechanism for replicating DNA the same in all cells?

Back 8

Yes

Front 9

Chromosomes are composed of two important macromolecules called ___ and ___.

Back 9

Proteins and DNA

Front 10

The DNA in each one of our cells is 3-6 meters in length, depending on who is doing the calculation. Why can't we see it?

Back 10

They are too thin. One needs to see them at the atomic resolution to be able to see.

Front 11

A karyotype shows information about an individual. How many chromosomes? How many pairs of chromosomes? How many somatic chromosomes? How many pairs of sex chromosomes? What defines the genetic sex of a male of female?

Back 11

46, 23, 22, 1, XX, XY

Front 12

Which kind of cell division is responsible for asexual reproduction - mitosis or meiosis?

Back 12

Mitosis

Front 13

Which kind of cell division is responsible for sexual reproduction - mitosis or meiosis?

Back 13

Meiosis

Front 14

We have 46 chromosomes. After meiosis, how many cells result and how many chromosomes are found in each daughter cell?

Back 14

23, 4

Front 15

We have 46 chromosomes. After mitosis, how many cells result and how many chromosomes are found in each daughter cell?

Back 15

2, 46

Front 16

Female germ cells are called ___.

Back 16

Oocytes or eggs

Front 17

Male germ cells are called ___.

Back 17

Spermatozoa or sperm

Front 18

Which germ cell is larger, male or female?

Back 18

Female

Front 19

Which kind of germ cell is produced in greater numbers, male or female?

Back 19

Male

Front 20

Hormones are made of many different kinds of molecules, specifically lipids, proteins, peptides, and amine compounds. Receptors for hormones are made of one kind of molecule. What kind of molecule?

Back 20

Protein

Front 21

Name the three classes of sex steroid hormones.

Back 21

Androgens, estrogens, progestin.

Front 22

Each cell in our body contains 46 chromosomes. When a somatic (body) cell divides to form two new cells how many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells possess?

Back 22

23

Front 23

When eukaryotic cells, such as those making up our bodies divide to form two daughter cells, is the process sexual or asexual reproduction?

Back 23

Asexual reproduction

Front 24

When germ cells form, what happens to the number of chromosomes by the time they form spermatozoa? What is different about meiosis in oocytes?

Back 24

Divided in half, remains in prophase and doesn't complete meiosis until fertilizaton

Front 25

If a gonad makes spermatozoa, is it an ovary or is it a testis?

Back 25

Testis

Front 26

What kind of cells would be found in the female gonad?

Back 26

Oocytes or eggs

Front 27

How many cell divisions occur in the process known as meiosis?

Back 27

2

Front 28

Chromosomes exist as homologous pairs. One member of each pair came from each of your parents. During germ cell formation the pairs are spearated. At what stage does this occur?

Back 28

Meiosis I

Front 29

There are three kinds of cell-cell signaling that are known to be important for regulating and coordinating the reproductive system: endocrine, paracrine and autocrine. What kind of signaling is being used when follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is released from the pituitary gland and then stimulates the proliferation of ganulosa cells in the ovary?

Back 29

Autocrine

Front 30

What kind of signaling is involved when activin is released by gonadotropes and causes them to synthesize FSH?

Back 30

Autocrine/Paracrine

Front 31

What kind of molecule would make a cell a target for the glycoprotein hormone luteinizing hormone?

Back 31

Luteinizing receptor

Front 32

Where in the cell would you look for the receptor for the hormone estrogen?

Back 32

Inside the target cell

Front 33

There are two classes of receptor; nuclear and membrane. One can activate gene activity while the other can activate both enzymes in the cytoplasm as well as gene activity. Which receptor does both?

Back 33

Membrane

Front 34

If a zygote has the genotype 46 XY, what is the expected sex of the baby?

Back 34

Male

Front 35

If a baby is born with a 46 XY karyotype, but no gonads, do you expect it to resemble a boy or a girl?

Back 35

Resemble girl

Front 36

What are the two products of the ovary?

Back 36

Sex steroids and oocyte or egg

Front 37

What are the two products of the testis?

Back 37

Sex steroids and spermatozoa or sperm

Front 38

What is the functional part of the ovary called?

Back 38

Follicle

Front 39

What part of the testis is responsible for germ cell formation?

Back 39

Seminiferous tubules

Front 40

What part of the testis is responsible for testosterone synthesis?

Back 40

Interstitial cells

Front 41

The female reproductive system consists of two tubes that join together. Which end or ends are open?

Back 41

Both ends

Front 42

With respect to the surface of the gonad, what is different about germ cell release between the ovary and the testis?

Back 42

The ovary releases externally and the testis releases internally.

Front 43

Semen is composed of fluids and sperm. What glands produce the fluid?

Back 43

Bulbourethral gland, prostate, seminal vesicle

Front 44

Sperm taken from the testis are immotile. Is the same true for sperm taken from the tail of the epididymis?

Back 44

No, they can swim

Front 45

Name the three main parts of the mature spermatozoa.

Back 45

Head, mid-piece, tail

Front 46

GnRH is released from the hypothalamus in a pulsatile manner. What hormone do we measure in humans to detect the pattern of GnRH release?

Back 46

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 47

Constant exposure of the gonadotropes to the same concentration GnRH has what paradoxical effect on their function?

Back 47

***

Front 48

Episodic release of GnRH after a period of constant release of GnRH has what effect on gonadotropin release?

Back 48

***

Front 49

What indicates puberty is occurring or lactational prevention of ovulation is ending? Hint: you measure it in peripheral blood.

Back 49

Luteinizing hormone (LH)