Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What does vascular mean?
|
has vessels that circulate fluids throughout the plant; xylem and phloem
|
|
|
What are seedless non-vascular plants?
|
uses spores – unit of dispersal…bryophyte: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
|
|
|
What is a wort?
|
herb/plant
|
|
|
What are seedless-vascular plants?
|
lycophytes and pteridophytes
|
|
|
What are seed plants?
|
seeds are unit of dispersal and all are vascular
|
|
|
What are gymnosperms?
|
(naked seeds, no fruit; pines, conifers, spruces, ginkgo, cycads),
|
|
|
What are angiosperms?
|
(covered sperms, flowering plants, broad-leaved plants)
|
|
|
What is the shoot of a plant?
|
stem, leaves and reproductive parts
|
|
|
What are the buds at the end called and the buds below the end called?
|
terminal buds, lateral buds
|
|
|
What does a sessile leaf mean?
|
no petiole
|
|
|
What is systematics?
|
study of diversity of organisms and their evolutionary history; history of taxa, who evolved from who
|
|
|
What is taxonomy?
|
naming and identifying and classifying organisms that uses systematics to determine how to name organisms
|
|
|
Who was the first to classify plants? describe him
|
Theoprastus: 370-285 BC: Student of Aristotle
Father of Botany Classified organisms by “artificial” (not based on evolution), to identify Form: herb, shrub, tree |
|
|
Who was the second person to form plant classification?
|
Linnaeus: Number and arrangement of stamens of flowers to classify plants
They both looked at plants as unchanging design of creation, no evolution |
|
|
What are some characteristics of Linnaeus?
|
Carl Linnaeus
Swedish Species Plantarum in 1753. 12 word sentence (poly nomial) Binomial: genus and species |
|
|
What is the list of heirarchal classification?
|
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
|
|
|
How do families, phylums and order classification end?
|
phylum- phyta
family- eae order- ales |
|
|
What is the domain and kingdom for plants?
|
Eukarya, Plantae
|
|
|
Who wrote the origin of species, describe it.
|
Charles Darwin, noted products of change, reflected evolutionary relationships
|
|
|
What is phylogeny?
|
genealogical relationship between taxa as hypothesized by a particular person.
|
|
|
What is a node when dealing with phylogenetics?
|
divergences between two lines of evolution
|
|
|
What does monophyletic mean?
|
grops composed of an ancestor and all of its descendents; none of the descendents are excluded – 1 cut to find common ancestor
|
|
|
What is paraphyletic?
|
common ancestor but not all of its descendents
|
|
|
What is polyphyletic?
|
includes members descended from more than one ancestor line
|
|
|
What is the downfall of phylogenetic classificatioN?
|
attempts to give formal taxonomic names but only to monophyletic groups
|
|
|
What is a homologous character?
|
Common origin (inherited), but not necessarily a common function
|
|
|
What is an analogous character?
|
Common function, but not from same origin (different evolutionary background)
Result of convergent evolution |
|
|
What is convergent evolution?
|
similar selective forces action on plants growing in similar environments causing them to have similar appearance
|
|
|
What is claudistics?
|
most widely used phylogenetic analysis
|
|
|
What all does ferns, pines and oaks have in common? what distinguishes oaks from pines and ferns, what about pines and oaks from ferns?
|
all have xylem and phloem, oaks have flowers, pines and oaks both have seeds and wood
|
|
|
What are primary metabolites?
|
-Found in all plant cells
-Necessary for life – photosynthesis, respiration, DNA building and repair -Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
|
|
What are four types of primary metabolites?
|
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins
|
|
|
What are secondary metabolites?
|
Limited to distribution within plant and among species
-Play a role in well-being of the producer (plant) -involved in plant/environment interactions |
|
|
What is an element?
|
substance that can’t be broken down by ordinary means Ex. Carbon
|
|
|
What is a molecule?
|
smallest particle of a substance that retains the chemical and physical properties of the substance and is composed of two or more atoms (Ex. O2)
|
|
|
What is a monomer?
|
small repeating subunits that together form a polymer
|
|
|
What is a macromolecule?
|
a polymer, 2 or more monomers/molecules
|
|
|
What is dehydration synthesis?
|
removal of H and OH = removing 1 H2O (requires energy)- creating something by taking away water
|
|
|
What is hydrolysis?
|
(Hydro = water, Lysis = cutting/removing) – H from H2O becomes attached to one monomer, OH to another (energy released)
|
|
|
What is dehydration synthesis?
|
removal of H and OH = removing 1 H2O (requires energy)
(lacking water) (creation)..creating something by taking away water- uses energy |
|
|
What is hydrolysis?
|
(Hydro = water, Lysis = cutting/removing) – H from H2O becomes attached to one monomer, OH to another (energy released)-releases energy
|
|
|
Describe carboyhydrates
|
Most abundant organic molecules in nature
Primary energy-storage molecule Forms a variety of structural components of living cells (lot in cell walls) Formed from _sugar_ molecules |
|
|
What are the three basic kinds of sugar molecules and what do they form?
|
Three basic kinds: mono-, di-, and polysaccharides
carbohydrates |
|
|
What is the simplest carbon? what is the original formula? and some examples?
|
CH2O
C6H12O6 fructose, glucose and ribose |
|
|
Describe sugars.
|
monosaccharides, hydrophillic-dissolve in water
|
|
|
What does hydrophillic mean?
|
love water
|
|
|
Describe glucose.
|
Produced by photosynthesis
Primary source of energy NOT form transported in plants |
|
|
Describe fructose.
|
Isomer of glucose,
Sweeter than glucose Found in fruits |
|
|
What are disacharrides?
|
formed after the dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides
|
|
|
How is sucrose formed? describe sucrose
|
from glucose or fructose using dehydration synthesis- The form in which sugar is transported in most plants FROM photosynthetic cells TO other parts of plant body- a lot of energy stored in sucrose
|
|
|
What are two types or polysaccharides, describe both.
|
starch-Consists of several hundred thousand coiled glucose molecules
Primary storage polysaccharide in plants cellulose-Also chains of glucose molecules Structural polysaccharide – cell walls-Most abundant organic compound |
|
|
What forms cell walls and what type of carbohydrate is it? describe it
|
cellulose, polysaccharide- 3,000-10,000 glucose molecules, forms fibrous parts of cell walls, difficult to digest
|
|
|
Name the types of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
|
Monosaccharides- glucose, fructose and ribose
di-sucrose poly- cellulose and starch |
|
|
In order for starch to be used for energy what does it have to become and to be transported what does it have to become? how does it become this?
|
glucose and fructose, sucrose and must be hydrolyzed
|
|
|
How do we make glucose available for our bodies?
|
we hydrolyze starch into glucose for energy
|
|
|
What are some main starchy foods we eat from the temperate region, tropical region?
|
temperate- potatoes, wheat, corn
tropical- yams, sweet potatoes, taro, tapoica |
|
|
Describe lipids.
|
Fats and fat-like substances
Hydrophobic – do not dissolve in water Insoluble in water Energy-storage molecules-structural purposes-phospholipids, waxes |
|
|
What are oils and what are fats? what are they called? and what makes them up?
|
fats- lipids as a solid at room temp.
oils- lipids as a liquid at room temp both have 2 times more energy- compared to carbs- called tri-glycerides, 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol |
|
|
What are phospholipids?
|
modified triglycerides, 2 fatty acids + 1 glycerol + phosphate group-negatively charged, fatty acid end-non-polar
|
|
|
What is a phospholipid bi-layer?
|
polar heads with non-polar tails, it is the cell membrane
|
|
|
Where are lipids found in plants?
|
on the cell walls as a protective tissue, usually on the outside surface of the plant
|
|
|
What is wax? where is it found
|
long chain of fatty acid + long chain of alcohol group-usually found on leaf and stem surfaces or young shoots, embedded in cutin or suberin
|
|
|
What are cuticles?
|
wax embedded in cutin
|
|
|
What are proteins?
|
In most non-plant living organisms: make up 50% or more of dry weight
Less than 50% in plants because of high cellulose content-Polymers of amino acids arranged linearly |
|
|
What are specialized proteins?
|
In seeds function as storage forms of amino acids to be used by the embryo when by the embryo when it starts to grow when it germinates
|
|
|
Where are lipids, proteins, specialized proteins, phospholipids found in plants?
|
specialized proteins- seeds, proteins- seeds, phospholipids-cell walls, cell membrane
|
|
|
What is Rubisco?
|
an enzyme, catalyst, most plentiful protein int he world, used for photosynthesis
|
|
|
What are nucleic acids?
|
Long chains of nucleotides (phosphate group, sugar, nitrogenous base-A,T,C,G)
|
|
|
What are roots?
|
a root is a plant structure that obtains food and water from the soil, stores energy, and provides support for the plant. Most roots grow underground.
|
|
|
What is a stem?
|
the main support of the plant
|
|
|
What makes up carbohydrates?
|
carbon + water
|
|
|
What carbohydrate is the primary storage unit? Which one is transported? Which one is used primarily to make up cell walls?
|
starch, sucrose, cellulose
|
|
|
How is water loss prevented from plant surfaces?
|
phospholipid bilayer, hydrophobic-nonpolar tails are on outside
|
|
|
What are the functions of secondary metabolites?
|
defense against herbivores, pathogens and competitors, protection from uv rays, attraction using pollination and seed dispersal, response to wounding
|
|
|
Where are secondary metabolites mostly stored?
|
in vacuoles
|
|
|
What are the major classes of secondary compounds (metabolites)?
|
1. alkaloids and other nitrogenous compounds
2.terpenoids/terpenes 3. phenolics |
|
|
What are some examples of alkaloids and other nitrogenous compounds? describe their characteristics.
|
Morphine, cocaine, quinine, caffeine, nicotine
Most important medicinal or pharmacologically active compounds Bitter tasting Nitrogenous compounds Most end in -ine 10,000 known, many more yet to be discovered |
|
|
What is the first alkaloid to be discovered and describe.
|
1st alkaloid to be discovered
1806, acts directly on the central nervous system, cough suppressant Highly addictive |
|
|
Describe cocaine.
|
Leaves from the coca plant which is a small shrubbery tree, Chewing the leaves helps to relieve altitude sickness, lowers hunger
an alkaloid nitrogenous compound, secondary metabolite |
|
|
describe caffiene.
|
Leaves of the coffee plant have caffeine in it, antiherbivore and antifungal, allelopathic (inhibits mitosis in roots of plants) chemicals
alkaloid nitrogenous compound, secondary metabolite |
|
|
What does allelophatic mean?
|
inhibits mitosis in roots of plants
|
|
|
What is the history behind coca-cola?
|
Formulated in the late 1800’s
Medicine + drink = good Cocaine + caffeine + aphrodisiac + alcohol = Coca-Cola 1900’s with prohibition, swapped out alcohol with sugar, citric flavor |
|
|
Describe nicotine.
|
found in tobacco plants, transported to leaves, highly toxic, anti-herbivorous, alkaloid nitrogenous compound, secondary metabolite
|
|
|
Describe quinine.
|
Comes from the bark from the cinchona tree
Used against malaria alkaloid nitrogenous compound, secondary metabolite |
|
|
Describe the second type of secondary metabolite.
|
By far largest class of secondary metabolites
Over 22,000 terpenoid compounds described or terpenes* |
|
|
What is the simplest kind of terpenoid/terpene?
|
Simplest is a hydrocarbon called isoprene
Isoprene is produced when plants are synthesizing, contributes to smog, protects against the sun |
|
|
Describe terpenes as essential oil forms.
|
2-3 isoprene units
Highly volatile – changes readily from solid/liquid to a vapor Contribute to “essence” of plants Synthesized and stored in glandular hairs (trichomes) Deter herbivores, protect against fungi and bacteria Produced by flowers to attract insect pollinators to flowers |
|
|
What are trichomes?
|
grandular hairs
|
|
|
Describe terpene as the form of taxol.
|
bark, Anticancer compound, but now it’s synthesized
|
|
|
Describe the terpenoid as the form of rubber.
|
Largest known terpenoid
From milky fluid called LATEX (like from the poppy) Has 400-100,000+ isoprene units About 1,800 species have rubber |
|
|
What is the third secondary metabolite compound group? describe it.
|
Phenolics, All have hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to ring of six carbons containing three double bonds
Almost universally in plants Accumulate in all plant parts Function of many is still unknown |
|
|
Describe the Phenolics group Flavonoids.
|
Water-soluble PIGMENTS
Present in vacuoles Largest group of phenolics Over 3,00 describe Lower cholesterol Antioxidants Anthocyanins (reddish/blue/purple colors in plants), flavones, flavonols (yellowish/ivory colors) |
|
|
What are anthocyanins?
|
reddish/blue/purple colors in plants
|
|
|
Describe the Phenolic's group Tannins.
|
Most important deterrents to herbivores in higher plants (angiosperms): bind and precipitate proteins
High concentration in leaves of woody plants Sequestered in vacuoles Used to tan leather |
|
|
Describe the Phenolic's group Legnin.
|
Deposited in cell wall
Adds compressive strength and stiffness Waterproof cells Added in response to injury or attack by herbivores/pathogens After cellulose, most abundant organic compound on Earth Lignification |
|
|
What are some medicinal and non-medicinal uses of secondary metabolites?
|
morphine-cough suppressant, cocaine-relieves altitude stress
quinine- used to treat malaria |
|
|
Which secondary metabolites are found in plant vacuoles? Which in cell walls?
|
flavonoids, tannins, nicotine- lignin
|
|
|
Which secondary compound is produced in response to attack or injury?
|
Lignin
|
|
|
Which secondary compound is found in many plants to deter herbivores?
|
Tannins
|
|
|
What do plant cells have that animal cells dont?
|
1. Cell wall – plants get rigidity from cell walls
2. Plastids 3. Large, central vacuoles |
|
|
What are plastids?
|
organelles in the cytoplasm that have pigments in them, chloroplasts are a type of plastid
|
|
|
What are vacuoles?
|
A small cavity in the cytoplasm of a cell, bound by a single membrane and containing water, food, or metabolic waste. -in mature plant cells there is usually one large vacuole.
|
|
|
What goes on in a plant cell?
|
Sensing the environment
Gathering nutrients Storing products Excrete waste Defend itself Move away or toward Reproduce |
|
|
What are the different types of cells that exist?
|
cells form tissues, tissues form organs (stem, roots and leaves)
|
|
|
What are the main two components of a cell?
|
cell wall and protoplasts
|
|
|
What are protoplasts and what does this include for the makeup of a cell?
|
everything except the cell wall of a cell, in the cytoplasm there is:
organelles, system of membranes (Golgi Apparatus and ER), other non-membrane stuff (ribosomes,microtibules) and cytosol, and then there is the nucleus- disposes of the cell wall on the outside of cell memebrane |
|
|
What are organelles?
|
specialized parts of the cell that store food, discharge waste, produce energy, etc.
|
|
|
What does the cell wall do?
|
Limits size of protoplast
Contributes to the final form of the plant organ Structure helps determine cell function Permeable to water Plays a role in absorption, transport, secretion of substances Plays active role in defense |
|
|
How does the cell wall play an active defense role?
|
Limits size of protoplast
Contributes to the final form of the plant organ Structure helps determine cell function Permeable to water Plays a role in absorption, transport, secretion of substances Plays active role in defense then has a chemical or physical defense |
|
|
How does the cell wall have a chemical defense? physical defense?
|
Phytoalexins: antibiotics toxic to pathogens
physical-Lignin: reduces mechanical penetration and reduces diffusions of enzymes and toxins from pathogen |
|
|
What is lignification?
|
the deposit of wood in cell walls to turn woody- replaces water in cell wall
|
|
|
How does cellulose make upt he cell wall?
|
bundled into microfibrils
|
|
|
What is pectin?
|
– hydrophilic gives
plasticity (important in expansion) -part of the cell wall |
|
|
What is hemicellulose?
|
tethers cellulose microfibrils
Important in regulating enlargment of cell |
|
|
What does the primary cell wall also contain?
|
lignin, glycoproteins, fats, enzymes
|
|
|
What are glycoproteins?
|
structural proteins
Proteins with sugar attached (Glyco - sugar) Adds strength to cell wall as it’s laid down |
|
|
What is the function of the middle lamella?
|
Region of UNION between primary cell walls of adjacent cells
Laid OUTSIDE of primary cell wall. Composed mainly of pectins Cements primary walls together Deposited while cell is increasing in size |
|
|
What are plasmodesmata? and where do they occur?
|
A strand of cytoplasm that passes through openings in cell walls and connects the protoplasts of adjacent living plant cells., cell wall where it is thinner
|
|
|
What kind of cells are the only cells that have a secondary wall? when do they form?
|
actively dividing cells, when the cell has stopped growing, mature cells lose their primary wall and change
|
|
|
What is suberin?
|
a waxy substance found in higher plants, main function is to prevent water from penetrating the tissue
|
|
|
Describe a secondary cell wall.
|
Differ in orientation of microfibrils
Secondary wall are rigid and not easily stretched More abundant cellulose (40-80% more than primary walls) Pectins lacking Structural proteins and enzymes lacking Cellulose microfibrils become embedded in lignin |
|
|
HOw is communicatin from cell to cell possible if there is a secondary cell wall?
|
Cell to cell communication is possible through pits in the secondary cell wall that allow plasmodesma to connect cells through the secondary cell walls.
|
|
|
What function of cells would require them to have thick cell walls, thin cell walls?
|
thick- used for support
thin-used for storing, manufacturing or processing of food |
|
|
How do fluids and dissolved substances get frrom cell to cell?
|
pass through cytoplasm strands that are found in tiny openings called pits of the primary cell wall-go through plasmodesmata-connects the protoplasts
|
|
|
Where is information stored, sent and processed in a cell?
|
stored in nucleus, processed in cytoplasm and then sent to different parts of the cell
|
|
|
Describe the nucleus of a cell.
|
in protoplast, most conspicuous generally, other than in green cells where chloroplasts may obscure it
|
|
|
Describe the nuclear envelope.
|
2 membranes, complex pores only allowing certain substances through, may be continuous with ER
|
|
|
What is found in the nucleus?
|
nucleolus- primarily rna, rRNA is formed and transferred out out through nuclear pores to be formed into ribosomes
Chromatin – DNA and proteins |
|
|
What does haploid mean?
|
– gametes, half of somatic cells, single set “n”
|
|
|
What does diploid mean?
|
somatic cells, two sets of “n”
|
|
|
What is polyploid? then what is allopolyploid and autopolyploid?
|
is the condition of some biological cells and organisms manifested by the presence of more than two homologous sets of chromosomes. allopolyploid-when plant species hybridize
autopolyploid-own copy of chromosomes |
|
|
Describe the plasma membrane of the plant cell.
|
Delicate, semi-permeable structure
VITAL to regulating movement of substances into and out of the cell-covers the protoplasts-very thin Also involved in the PRODUCTION and ASSEMBLY of cellulose for cell walls |
|
|
The outside of the cell is composed of what?
|
40-50% lipids, 50-60% proteins
|
|
|
What is the function of the ER? rough er? smooth er?
|
within cytoplasm, Facilitates cellular communication and channeling of materials
Synthesis of membranes for other organelles rough ER- syntheiss,secretion or storage for proteins smooth er- secretion of lipids (for membranes) |
|
|
Describe oil bodies.
|
don't have membranes around them, 45% weight of seeds, found in fruits and seeds
|
|
|
When are plasmodemata formed most often?
|
– many formed when strands of tubular ER are trapped during cell divisions
|
|
|
Why are ribosomes not an organelle? what are they made up of?
|
because they don't have a membrane-within cytoplasm- made up of RNA
|
|
|
What is cytosol?
|
intercellular fluid, enables protein syntheisis b/c forms part of the ribosomes
|
|
|
What is the golgi apparatus? the more evolved the golgi complex is..the what??
|
made up of dictyosomes, the less dictyosomes, sends and receives vessicles from ER
|
|
|
Describe the Golgi apparatus.
|
Involved in synthesis and secretion of NON-CELLULOSE polysaccharides that get incorporated into CELL WALL.
They are assembled within and collect in small vesicles that are pinched off from the margins. Also process and secrete glycoproteins that are transferred TO them from the rough ER via transition vesicles. |
|
|
What are plastids, where are they found. name some.
|
Any of several pigmented organelles having various physiological functions, such as the synthesis and storage of food
in cytoplasm, chloroplast, chromoplast and leucoplast |
|
|
Name and define the parts of a chloroplast.
|
Thylakoid – membrane, where photosynthesis occurs
Granum (pl. grana) – more than one thylakoid Stroma – fluid in chloroplast that is not a thylakoid or DNA Grana thylakoids - circular Stroma Thylakoid – branching thylakoid |
|
|
Describe a chloroplast.
|
Site of photosynthesis
Contain chlorophylls and carotenoids 40-50 chloroplast in single cell of middle of leaf Often have start grains and oil droplets in stroma |
|
|
What are starch grains and stroma?
|
Starch grains – temporary storage products
Stroma – contains ribosomes and DNA (circular DNA) found in chloroplasts |
|
|
Describe a chromoplast.
|
No chlorophyll
Instead carotenoids Important for pigmentation for pollination and seed dispersal |
|
|
Describe a leucoplast.
|
a plastid, Non-pigmented
Amyloplasts Synthesize starch Elaioplasts Synthesize oils Can develop into chloroplasts |
|
|
What is the mitochondrion?
|
Powerhouse – energy release from organic molecules by cellular respiration
2 membranes Originate from division of old mitochondria |
|
|
What is the serial endosymbiotic theory?
|
Mitochondria and chloroplasts – descendants of bacteria taken up and adopted by host cell
|
|
|
What is an endysymbiont?
|
organism that lives within another, dissimilar organism
|
|
|
What is the evidence that supports the serial endosymbiotic theory?
|
Organelles with 2 membranes
Inner from original Outer from host Chromosomes in loops of DNA like bacteria |
|
|
What are microbodies?
|
perxisomes-Break down hydrogen peroxide
Glycosomes – seeds, break down starch into sucrose found in cytoplasm |
|
|
How large can a vacuole become?
|
up to 90% of the cell
|
|
|
cell reproduction = what? which then = what?
|
cell division- mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)
|
|
|
How do organisms grow?
|
by cell division and enlargement
|
|
|
Mitosis occurs when?
|
During growth and development of an embryo and adult
Replace cells in an adult Asexual reproduction Some phases of sexual reproduction |
|
|
Where is the zone of cell division in a plant? elongation? permanent tissues?
|
apical meristem, epidermis,
- pith, cortex and vascular bundle |
|
|
How do apical meristems grow?
|
up and down
|
|
|
Describe interphase of mitosis.
|
nucleus moves to the center of the cell
|
|
|
Describe prophase of mitosis.
|
microtibules line up in center of cell, chromosomes condense
|
|
|
Describe the metaphase, telophase and cytokinesis phase of mitosis.
|
metaphase-forms the mitotic spindle
telophase- golgi vessicles fuse to form cell plate- golgi complex cytokinesis- daughter chromosomes reach opposite poles |
|
|
What are phragmoplasts?
|
is a barrel-shaped system of microtubules that forms between two daughter nuclei
|
|
|
HOw is a cell plate formed?
|
fusion of vesicles come from golgi complex-guided into position by microtubules-non-cellulostic polysaccharides (glycoproteins)
|
|
|
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
|
actin filaments and microtubules
|
|
|
Describe interphase after cytokinesis.
|
Preceded by phragmoplast
Grows outward until reaches wals of dividing cell, completing separation Fuses with the cell wall exactly where the preprophase band was |
|
|
What is the domain and kingdom for Algae?
|
Eukarya and Protista
|
|
|
What are some examples of algae that show the different range of sizes algae has?
|
microscopic phytoplankton, macroscopic phytoplankton, kelp (seaweed)
|
|
|
What is the history behind algae?
|
Algae contain chlorophyll (a, b, or c)
The earliest life-forms on Earth were early ancestors of Cyanobacteria Stromatolites (CaCO3 deposited by cyanobacteria) have been dated to 2.7 billion years before present (byp)- so produce oxygen as a byproduct of photosynthesis green algae and plants share a common ancestery |
|
|
Why are Algae the most impt. photosynthesizing organims on earth?
|
Algae capture more solar energy and produce more oxygen than all plants are combined
|
|
|
Describe Blue-Green Algae. What is its domain?
|
Bacteria-domain
Cyanobacteria photosynthetic, produce oxygen photosystems I and II Chlorophyll a Phycobilins Accessory Pigments Precursors of Eukaryote Algae chloroplasts Survive & thrive in a wide range of environmental conditions |
|
|
Describe Phycobilins Accessory Pigments. What are two different kinds?
|
Phycocyanin (blue)
Phycoerythrin (red) Absorb low light intensities Absorb light that chlorophyll cannot |
|
|
What is a photosystem?
|
is an enzyme which uses light to reduce molecules
|
|
|
what are some characteristics of algae?
|
Autotrophic (produce own food) Protists
Diverse group of simple, plantlike organisms Lack vascular tissues Lack true roots, stems or leaves Chlorophyll a is the principle photosynthetic pigment Most (not all) algae photosynthesize |
|
|
What are the modes of reproduction for algae? what about life history?
|
Sexual and asexual
Single celled gametangia Lack multicellular reproductive organs, life history has 1,2 or 3 stages while most plants have 2 (gametophyte and sporophyte) |
|
|
What is the phyla for Eukaryotic green algae? Name the typical forms, major photosynthetic pigments, storage product, cell wall composition, ?
|
Chlorophyta, single cells, colonies, simple and branched filaments, complex forms
-chlorophylls a & b, carotenoids - starch -cellulose |
|
|
What belongs to the "Green Plants Clade"?
|
green algae, bryophytes and vascular plants
|
|
|
What do the cells of green algae resemble and why? describe them.
|
plant cells because they have chlorophyll's a & b and they store starch in plastids
diverse cell shapes, common in plankton and attached to surfaces |
|
|
What does phragmoplasts suggest during cell division about green algae relationships?
|
that Charophyceae green algae group is the closest relative to plants
|
|
|
Describe filamentous green algae mats.
|
May cover lake sediments and water surfaces
May clog filters at water treatment plants Common nuisance filamentous green algae |
|
|
How is algae useful?
|
thickener in foods-red & brown algae
vegetable food- brown, green algae, nori supplements-cyanobacteria toothpaste, insectosides (diatom frustules), soil enhancers green soil algae add mucilage to loosen soil |
|
|
What are embryophytes?
|
multi-cellular sporophyte embryo, sporangium, gametangia, cuticle
|
|
|
What is meiosis?
|
two successive nuclear divisions in which # is reduced from diploid (2n) to haploid (n) and segregation of genes occurs. Gametes or spores may result
|
|
|
What is gametic meiosis?
|
Product of meiosis is haploid gametes
Diploid cells produce haploid gametes though meiosis which are then fertilized to form a zygote |
|
|
What is sporic meiosis? describe the alternation of generations
|
Product of meiosis is haploid spores
Diploid sporophyte ->sporocyte spore mother cell -> meiosis -> spore -> mitosis -> gametophyte (plant that produces the gametes) ->gametes which fertilize to form the zygote |
|
|
What is the Alternation of Heteromorphic generations?
|
alternation between a diploid (2n) sporophyte stage and a haploid gametophyte stage
|
|
|
What is a gametophyte?
|
haploid, gamete-producing generation (n) (thallus-vegetative tissue of some non-moving organisms,tissue)
|
|
|
What is a sporophyte?
|
: Diploid, spore-producing generation (2n)
|
|
|
What does isomorphic and heteromorphic mean?
|
isomorphic- looks the same
heteromorphic- looks different |
|
|
What is gametangium?
|
cells or structures where the gametes are produced
|
|
|
What does anther and anteridium mean?
|
sperm producing
Antheridium: structure that produces sperm |
|
|
What does arch, archephore and antheridiophore, archegoniophore mean?
|
arch- egg-producing
archepohore-stalk/bearing antheridiophore-stucture that bears the antheridia archegoniophore-structure that bears the archegonia-egg producing structure |
|
|
What does unisexual and bisexual mean in terms of alternation of heteromorphic generations?
|
unisexual-produce one type of gamete
bisexual- produce both types of gametes |
|
|
What are the rules for the Alternation of generations?
|
First cell of any gametophyte spore Last cell is the gamete
Any cell of gametophyte is haploid (n) First cell of sporophyte zygote Last cell is sporocyte (spore mother cell) Any cell of a sporophyte is diploid (2n) Change from sporophyte to gametophyte generation occurs through meiosis Change from gametophyte to sporophyte is through fertilization (syngamy |
|
|
What are the 3 phyla for bryophytes? how many species total?
|
Phylum Hepatophyta-liverworts
Phylum Anthocerophyta- hornwords Phylum Bryophyta-mosses 23,000 |
|
|
What increases the evidence that the first plants were much like bryophytes?
|
Initial colonizers of bare rock and soil
|
|
|
Are bryophytes a monophyletic group>
|
no because they dont' contain vascular plants
|
|
|
What are some special characteristics of bryophytes?
|
Bryophytes don’t have zylem and phloem (water and food-conducing tissues) = non-vascular
Some bryophytes have specialized conducting tissue, but water-conducing cells are not lignified Like vascular plants, they have alternating heteromorphic gametophytic and sporophytic generations Seedless = seedless non-vascular plants |
|
|
Describe some reproduction characteristics of bryophytes.
|
Gametophyte is nutritionally independent from and usually LARGER than sporophyte
Sporophyte is nutritionally dependent on the gametophyte Gametophyte > Sporophyte It is the OPPOSITE in vascular plants. Clear evolutionary trend towards “dominance” of sporophyte and “suppression” of the gametophyte |
|
|
What does thallus and thalloid mean?
|
Thallus: flat undifferentiated body (no roots, leaves, stems)
Thalloid: flat and branched dichotomously |
|
|
What is the Doctrine of Signatures?
|
The idea that god has marked everything with a sign or signature
The sign was an indication of the purpose for the creation of the item Any plant part that resembled a human body part would be useful in healing that body part if it was diseased or hurting |
|
|
What is Marchantia?
|
a thalloid liver wort that Grows on rocks and moist soil, first to come back after fire
Unisexual- separate male and female gametophytes |
|
|
Which one is male and which one is female, antheridium and archegonium? part of the gametangium
|
Anter- male
Arche- female |
|
|
What are species gametophores that the marchantia has? diploid or haploid? and what are they?
|
Antheriophores-stalk producing the houses for male gametes /Archegoniophores-stalk producing the houses for female gametes
All are haploid |
|
|
Describe the anteridial head.
|
biflagellate- 2 flagella
|
|
|
What is a venter?
|
a swollen base
|
|
|
What is a calyptra?
|
Venter that has undergone mitosis, haploid
|
|
|
What does the "foot" do in sexual reproduction for Marchantia?
|
sporophyte gets food connection to gametophyte
|
|
|
What are elaters?
|
aid spores in projection/distance
|
|
|
Bryophyte spores (and other plant species) are encased in wall impregnated with?
|
SPOROPOLLENIN – the most decay- and chemical-resistant bipolymer known
|
|
|
What are two stages of Asexual reproduction?
|
fragmentation, gemmae-Each one can produce a gametophyte
|
|
|
How many species are in the Antherocerophyta phylum? describe the phylum and how spores are released,
|
100 species, hornworts- numerous unbranched sporophytes, mature sporophyte splits open and releases spores
|
|
|
Name three types of mosses in the Phylum Bryophyta and three fake mosses.
|
true mosses, peat mosses and granite mosses
-spanish moss, club moss and reindeer moss |
|
|
What is the Order for True mosses?
|
polytrichum
|
|
|
Describe the Polytrichum life cycle.
|
Male and female gametophytes
Unbranched sporophyte Specialized spore dispersal processes -spores become germinated unbranched-now called protonema-bud sprouts and become young gametophytes with rhizoid branching- then haploid gametophytes produced-then sperm after raindrop swims to egg- fertilization occurs (sygnapy)-becomes zygote-then matures into sporophyte after meiosis |
|
|
What is the Order for Peat Mosses? describe
|
Sphagnum-Highly absorbent
Decay-resistant PHENOLICS Antiseptic Increases acidity by releasing H+ ions |
|
|
What happens when heat and pressure is applied to peat?
|
Peat is covered by sedimentary rock
Put under pressure Compressed into coal |
|
|
Where are perisomes found?
|
only in true mosses
|
|
|
What is the function of a rhizoid?
|
Help anchor, do not take up water or nutrients up
|
