Biology

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Lipids

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a kind of organic compound that is insoluble in water, such as fats and steroids

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Hydophilic

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referring to the molecular attraction to water

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Actin

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one of the two protein filaments in a muscle cell that function in contraction

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Chlorlast

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a plastid containing chlorophyll; the site of photosynthesis

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Chromosome

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DNA and protein in a coiled, rod-shaped form that occurs during cell division

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Crista

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a fold of the inner membrane of mitochondria

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Cytoskeleton

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a network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps maintain the shape and size of a eukaryotic cell

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Hydrophobic

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referring to the molecular repulsion of water

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Phospholipids

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a complex lipid having two fatty acids joined by a molecule of glycerol

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Nucleic acids

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and organic molecule, DNA or RNA that stores and carries important information for cell function

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Nucleotides

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a monomer of DNA and RNA, consisting of nitrogen base, a sugar, and phosphate group

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Triglyceride

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a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

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Wax

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a type of structural lipid

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Shromatin

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the DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a nondividing cell

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Cell membrane

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the lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of a cell

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Prokaryote

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a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelle

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Cilium

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a niarlike organelle that extends from a cell and functions in locomotion or in the movement of substances across the surface

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Cytoplasm

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the region of a cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus

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Cell Theory

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the theory is that all things are made up of cells, they are the basic unit of organisms, and that they come from the reproduction of other cells

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Nucleus

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the core of protons and neutrons; in a eukaryotic cell, the organelle that contains most of the DNA and directs the activities

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Organelle

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one of several formed bodies with a specialized function that is suspended in the cytoplasm and found in the eukaryotic cells

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Cell Wall

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a rigid structure that surrounds the cells of plants, fungi, many protests and most bacteria

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Ribonucleic acid

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a nucleic acid romposed of a single strand and distinguished from DNA by containing ribso and uracil

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Cell

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a membrane-bound structure that are the basic units of life

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Carbohydrates

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organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom.

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Isomers

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compounds like these sugars, with a single chemical formula but different forms

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Polysaccharide

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a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides

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Amino acids

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when the monomer building blocks of proteins share a basic sturcture

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Peptide bond

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a covalent bond between two amino acids

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Substrate

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a part, substance, or element that lies beneath and supports another; the ractant in any enzyme-catalyzed reaction

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Fatty acids

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a monomer that is part of most lipids

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Monosaccharide

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a monomer of a carbohydrate

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Disaccharide

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when two monosaccharide combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar

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Proteins

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organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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Dipeptide

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when two amino acids bond

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Polypeptide

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a long chain of several amino acids

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Cytosol

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the gelatin like aqueous fluid that bathes the organelles on the inside of the cell membrane

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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a system of membranous tubules and sacs in eukaryotic cells that funcions as a path along wich molecules move from one part of the cell to another

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Flagellum

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a hairlike structure made up of microtubules that funcion in locomotion

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Fluid mosaic

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a of cell membrane structure representing the dynamic nature of membrane lipids and proteins

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Golgi apparatus

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a system of membranes in eukaryoticcells that modifies proteins for export by the cell

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Integral protein

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a protein iimbedded in the bilayer of the cell membrane

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Lysosome

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an organelle containing digestive enzymes, existing primarily in animal cells

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Microfilament

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a polymer chain of the protein acin; the smallest strand in the cytoskeleton

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Microtubule

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a hollow tube of protein that consititutes the largest strand in the cytoskeleton

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Mitochondrion

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the organelle that is the site of aerobic respiration in eukaryotic cells

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Nuclear envelope

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a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

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Nuclear matrix

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the nuclear skeleton, a shape-maintaining protein

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Nuclear pore

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a small hole in the nuclear envelope through which substances as between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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Nucleolus

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the structure in which ribosomes are synthesized and partially assembled; found in most nuclei

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Peripheral protein

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a protein attached to the interior or exterior surface of the cell membrane

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Plastid

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an organelle of plant cells that contains starch, fats, or pigments

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Ribosome

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an organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that contains attached ribosomes

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Selectively permeable membrane

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a membrane that keeps out some molecules but allows others to pass through

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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thre portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lacks attached ribosomes

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Spindle fiber

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one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell; assists in the movement of chromosomes

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Thylakoid

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a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast; contains most of the components involvedin the light reactions of photosynthesis

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Vacuole

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a fluid-filled organelle that stores enqymes or metabolic wastes a plant cell

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Colonial organism

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a collection of genetically identical cells that live together in a closely connected group

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Organ

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several types of body tissues that together preform a function

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Organ system

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a group of organs that interact to preform a set of related tasks

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Tissue

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in most multicellular organisms; a group of similar cells that carry out a common function