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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cold blooded aka
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ectotherms, poikilotherms
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Warm blooded aka
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homeotherms
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Upper critical temperature
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The first high temperature that effects the body
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Thermoneutral temperature
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comfortable temperature
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Lower critical temperature
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first temperature that is too cold
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Critical temperatures are used with homeotherms to determine
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Basal Metabolic Rate
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Critical temperatures are used with ectotherms to determine
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Standard metabolic rate
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Allometric
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out of proportion
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Max Kleiber
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discovered that BMR's are allometric for homeotherms
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Levels of organization
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chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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Epithelial Cells
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have Columnar epithelia. Are often located where secretion or active absorption of substances is an important function
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Columnar epithelia
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have cells with relatively large cytoplasmic volume
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Names of different epithelial cells
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• simple squamous epithelia
• stratified squamous epithelia • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium • simple columnar epithelium • stratified columnar epithelium • cuboidal epithelia |
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simple squamous epithelial tissue
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used for transport in lung and blood tissue
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Simple columnar epithelium
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used for transport. Absorb nutrients in digestive tract
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Stratified epithelial tissue
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skin epidermalilayer
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Pseudo-stratified epithelial tissue
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looks stratified but its not. Cilia in pseudo-stratified epithelium that works to pump in the bronchi and trachea called the ciliary express.
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Skeletal Muscle Fibers
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Striated/striped muscle tissue
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myofilaments
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causes striations, structure inside of muscle fiber
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Each muscle fiber contains
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Many mitochondria
Many nuclei |
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Cardiac muscle cells
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has intercalated disks, branched fibers so that nerve impulse creates a wave motion
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Smooth muscle cells
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found in the blood vessels, trachea/bronchi, digestive tract. Help propel waste and controls blood pressure. They are single cells and contract slowly then muscle cells.
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Fibrous connective tissue
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made up of: White protein fibers, Yellow protein fibers, Fibroblasts
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white protein fibers
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made of collagen-have white collagen fibers and fibroblasts
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yellow protein fibers
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made of elastin
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fibroblasts
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cells of connective tissue
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Ligaments
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connect bone to bone. They are made up of elastin fibers and collagen fibers.
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tendons
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connect muscle to bone. made of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
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Bone is made up of
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epiphysis, diaphysis, compact bone, medullary canal
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Compact bone structure
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The osteon
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Lamellus
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layers of bone
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osteocytes
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produce and maintain the bone
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Homeosis
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development of body parts particularly in insects
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homeotic genes
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genes in insects to control homeosis
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Neuroglia
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cells which are neurons support system
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Schwann cells
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form myelin sheath- increase the speed of transmission
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Astrocytes
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blood-brain barrier- protects brain from all substances in the bloodstream. Allows only certain substances to enter the brain. This is to prevent brain damage.
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CNS
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consists of brain and a nerve cord
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PNS
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consists of all neurons and projections of their plasma membranes that are outside of and connect with CNS
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myelin sheath
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specialized glial cells wrap around the axons to form an insulating layes
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Oligodendrocyte
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same as schwann cell but covers more then 1 neuron. Only found in brain and spine.
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Pores
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made of 6 protiens in alpha helix form (36 all together) , stays open all the time
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Gates
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made of 6 proteins in alpha helix form (36 all together), can be open or closed.
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Ligand
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attached to receptor protein to decide whether the gate is opened or closed
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Sodium potassium pump
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pumps out 3 sodium and in 2 potassium
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interneurons
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forms interconnections between other neurons in the CNS
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Reverse polarization
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inside cell going from negative to positive
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Potassium concentration during Resting Potential is _____ then sodium
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higher
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What happens to potassium as voltage sensitive potassium gates open
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concentration of K+ inside cell decreases
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When +30 membrane potential is reached (3 things happen)
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-voltage sensitive sodium gates close
-voltage sensitive potassium gates open -hyperpolarization occurs because the gates close too slowly and too much K+ leaves. |
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node of ranvier
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exposed areas in the axons of myelinated neurons
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Action potential goes from __ to___
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telodenrion to synaptic bulb
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4 types of neurotransmitters
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amino acids, biological amines, acetylcholine and neuropeptide
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amino acids neurotransmitters
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GABA, Glycine, Glutamic acid, endorphin (enkephalin)
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Biological Amine neurotransmitters
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Norepinephrine, Serotonin, Dopamin
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Acetylcholine neurotransmitter
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control of all skeletal muscles and control heart rate
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hypothalamus
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temperature, growth, anger
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Pre central gyrus
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Control of all voluntary motor activity
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post central gyrus
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all sensations
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thalamus
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gateway to brain
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metabotropic receptor
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Any receptor that works with the chemical reaction
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cAmp
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calcium ions and sodium ions can all be the second messengers in the chemical reaction
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1st messenger
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ligand
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2nd messenger
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the chemical reaction inside the cell- tells cell what to do
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G proteins
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Turns enzyme on or off. Can only react with GTP, when it falls off GTP, GTP turns off
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1 form of Signal Transduction
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Ligand lands on receptor
Receptor activated G-protein GTP attaches to G-protein Adenylate Cyclase- enzyme activated by the G-protein. Adenylate Cyclase produce cAMP (can also cause transduction) cAMP opens gate |
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2 types of receptors
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Anatropic and Metabatropic
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Anatropic receptor
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ligand and receptor bonds, opens gate self-sufficiently
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Metabatropic
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nvolves all the g-proteins
o Can produce iPSP, ePSP or protein synthesis |
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4 parts to the cerebral hemisphere
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• occipital lobe
• frontal lobe • parietal lobe • temporal lobe |
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• occipital lobe
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sensory area are responsible for vision
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• frontal lobe
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association area are responsible for elaboration of conscious thought, motor areas are for movement of voluntary skeletal muscles
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• temporal lobe
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sensory areas are responsible for hearing and smelling.
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• parietal lobe
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sensory areas are responsible for the sensations of temperature, tough, pressure and pain from the skin
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Central sulcus
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separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
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Gyrus
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a bump
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Sulcus
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an indent
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• Medulla oblongata functions of reticular formation
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o Control of heart rate
o Control of blood pressure o Control of breathing |
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Medulla oblongata
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controls hearing and balance. Input from ears goes to medulla oblongata.
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Cerebellum
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muscle coordination, make sure all muscles are smoothly coordinated, balance. When cerebellum is injured, they have ataxia (staggering)
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Pons
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it shares with the medulla the control of breathing it also carries sensation for the jaw, face and control of some facial muscles.
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Hypothalamus
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controls pituitary gland, temperature control, growth, reproduction, salt/water balance. Anger, thirst and hunger.
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Fractionation
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• Procedure that makes use of the different solubilities of proteins in salt solutions
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