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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell History - Who was involved and what did they do? |
1660 - Leeuwenhoek - microscope 1665 - Hooke - viewed cork cells 1831 - Brown - nucleus 1838 - Schleider & Schwan - cell theory 1846 - Purkenjie & Mohl - protoplasm 1888 - Schneider - chromosomes 1898 - Golgi - golgi bodies 1931 - Knoll & Ruska - electron microscope |
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Cell theory |
-Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living organisms (All living things are made up of cells) -Cells are the basic unit of function in all living organisms (Life occurs because of chemical reactions in cells) -All cells come from pre-existing cells |
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Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells |
-Eukaryotes - contain a membrane bound nucleus (ex: plant cells, animal cells) -Prokaryotes - do not have a "true" nucleus (ex: bacteria) |
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Cell (plasma) membrane |
controls movement of materials in and out of the cell |
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Cell wall |
protects and supports plant cells (plant cells only) |
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Chloroplast |
responsible for photosynthesis (plant cells only) |
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Cytoplasm |
all material in the cell except the nucleus (main functioning area of the cell) |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
responsible for the making and transportation of cell products |
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Golgi apparatus (body) |
storing, packing, and transporting materials |
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Lysosome |
contains enzymes for digesting food or cell parts (animal cells only) |
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Mitochondrion |
energy producers |
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Nucleus |
general control area of the cell |
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Nucleolus |
makes ribosomes and helps with protein synthesis |
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Nuclear membrane (envelope) |
controls movement of materials in and out of the nucleus |
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Ribosomes |
make protein |
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Vacuole |
storage for food, water, waste, etc. (large ones in plant cells only) |
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Centrosome |
helps with cell division (animal cells only) |
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Chromatin (DNA, chromosomes) |
threadlike structures that contain all the information about the cell (DNA) |
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Flagellum |
helps move the cell |
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What must all cells and living organisms do? |
-absorb nutrients to survive and grow -convert nutrients to usable energy -be able to reproduce -eliminate wastes |
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Unicellular organisms |
-only one cell -must perform all cell functions |
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Multicellular organisms |
-multiple cells -often have specialized cells that carry out certain functions -these cells cooperate with each other to carry on life |
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List differences between plant and animal cells |
-Only plant cells contain a cell wall, chloroplast, and large vacuoles -Only animal cells contain lysosomes and centrosomes |
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Passive transport |
-passive transport is the movement of materials across the cell membrane that requires no energy from the cell -particles are generally smaller and uncharged (neutral) and move from high to low transportation |
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Active transport |
-the transport of molecules in and out of the cell that requires energy from the cell -usually occurs when moving particles from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration -larger charged particles (ions) are moved -in this case a transport protein spins and takes substances across the membrane |
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What are 3 molecules that can diffuse across a bilipid membrane?
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H2O, CO2, O2 |
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Simple diffusion |
movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (H2O, CO2, and O2 can diffuse through cell membrane between the fat molecules or through a non-specific protein channel) |
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Facilitated diffusion |
particles that are too big to go through the membrane are moved through a specific protein "carrier molecule" in the cell membrane |
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Osmosis |
-diffusion of water across the cell membrane -if some particles (ex: ions) cannot pass through the cell membrane, then water may pass in or out of the cell to balance the concentrations |
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Endocytosis |
movement of large amounts of materials into a cell (usually nutrients) by the membrane wrapping around the material and "pinching off" -Pinocytosis - tiny chunks (liquid) -Phagocytosis - larger chunks (food) |
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Exocytosis |
The movement of large amounts of materials (usually wastes) out of the cell by a vacuole moving to the cell membrane (opposite of endocytosis) |
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Cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming) |
-the passive movement of the cytoplasm and its contents (various organelles) around the cell -aids with diffusion of particles within the cell |
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Tonicity
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the concentration of ions (ex: salt) inside a cell, relative to the concentration of ions outside the cell in the surrounding solution |
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Hypertonic solution |
-a cell is placed in a salt solution stronger in concentration than itself -cell shrivels |
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Hypotonic solution |
-a cell is placed in a salt solution weaker in concentration than itself -cell expands |
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Isotonic solution |
-a cell is placed in a salt solution equal in concentration to itself -cell stays the same size |
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Plasmolysis |
what happens to a plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution (shrivels) |
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What are the stages of mitosis in order? |
-Interphase -Prophase -Prometaphase -Metaphase -Anaphase -Telophase -Cytokinesis |
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What are the 3 stages of interphase? |
-G1 - cell growth -S - DNA is replicated -G2 - cell grows again and prepares for cell division |
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List and explain the two subdivisions of cell division |
-Mitosis - nuclear division -Cytokinesis - actual division of the cytoplasm and pinching of the cell membrane into two cells |
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Interphase |
stage before cell division where chromatin (DNA) replicate |
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Prophase
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chromatin condense into chromosomes |
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Prometaphase |
nuclear membrane breaks down and the spindle fibres attach to the chromosomes |
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Metaphase |
chromosomes align along the middle of the cell (equatorial plate) |
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Anaphase |
sister chromatids separate and are pulled apart to opposite poles |
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Telophase |
chromosomes reach the poles and two new nuclei are formed, completing mitosis |
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Cytokinesis |
the cytoplasm and its contents (organelles) are divided in half as the cell membrane pinches together (cleavage furrowing) resulting in two cells |
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Cell differentiation |
-when a cell becomes specialized in order to perform a specific function -becomes one of the 210 cell types in the body (skin cell, muscle cell, blood cell, etc) |
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Clone |
an exact genetic copy of an organism |
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Explain the history of cloning in plants |
-plants can clone themselves naturally -humans can clone plants |
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What was the first animal cloned? |
frog |
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How were the first mammals cloned? |
the use of embryos |
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Enucleation |
removing nucleus from an egg |
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Nuclear transfer |
moving nucleus from from one cell into a enucleated egg |
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How did they prove Dolly was a clone? |
genetic testing |
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Why do humans want to clone? |
-reproductive purposes -medical reasons |
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What are nature-made clones? |
identical twins |
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Stem cells |
special cells that can -divide for indefinite periods -turn into any of the 210 cells |
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What are the 3 potential applications of stem cells? |
-drug testing -genetic experiments -cells and/or organ production |
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Pluripotent (embryonic) stem cells |
-easy to work with -able to replicate |
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How are stem cells obtained? (4) |
-from embryos from IVF (in vitro fertilization) -from fetal tissue obtained from terminated pregnancies -somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -adult stem cells |
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How are embryonic stem cells obtained? |
from the inner cell mass of human embros |
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How are fetal stem cells obtained? |
from the cell mass of human fetal tissue |
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Explain somatic cell nuclear transfer |
-using cloning techniques -using enucleation and nuclear transfer to create an inner cell mass containing stem cells |
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Cancer |
uncontrolled cell division |
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Tumor |
lumps or masses of tissue formed by uncontrollable cell division |
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Metastize |
when a tumor successfully spreads to other parts of the body and grows, invading and destroying other healthy tissues |
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Describe the 4 typical gene mutations that can often lead to cancer |
-Oncogenes - tell cells when to divide (ON SWITCH) -Tumor Supressor Genes - tell cells when not to divide (OFF SWITCH) -Suicide Genes - tell the cell to kill itself -DNA Repair Genes - instruct a cell to repair damaged DNA |
