Biology

Front 1

chromosomes uncoil, new nuclear envolope forms, spindle fibers break down.

Back 1

telophase

Front 2

in the beginning of meiosis the pair of chromosomes are next to each other then exchange reciprical segments of dna.

Back 2

crossing over

Front 3

segment of DNA that transmits info from parent to offspring

Back 3

gene

Front 4

the two copies of each chromose are called________

Back 4

homologous chromosomes

Front 5

chromosomes go to the center of the cell they are then held in place by the microtubles attached to the kineticore.

Back 5

metaphase

Front 6

chromosomes begin to condense and become visible. Nuclear envelope begins to break down and the spindle fibers become visible.

Back 6

prophase

Front 7

when a diploid cell has an extra chromosome

Back 7

Trisomy

Front 8

collection of chromosomes in an individuals cells.

Back 8

karyotope

Front 9

two chromatids seperate when the centromer splits. each cromatid is now a chromosome move toward opposite poles

Back 9

anaphase

Front 10

when the number of chromosomes is halved in cell division

Back 10

meiosis

Front 11

a trait that exerts its full effect regardless of its allele.

Back 11

dominant

Front 12

the genetic makeup of an organism

Back 12

genotype

Front 13

an inheritable change in the chromosomes

Back 13

mutation

Front 14

a gene whose expression is masked by a dominant allele

Back 14

recessive

Front 15

the observable characteristics of an organism resulting from the interaction between its genetic makeup and the environment

Back 15

phenotype

Front 16

Name the researcher that worked with x-ray diffraction and discovered the key features of DNA structure (uniform, long, thin, repeats and spiral)

Back 16

Rosalin Franklin

Front 17

Name the researchers that discovered DNA sttucture and replication explained, coined "double-helix"

Back 17

Watson and Crick

Front 18

Fred Griffith worked with pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of_________ _________ and mice.

Back 18

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 19

Rosalind Franklin's research showed that DNA was of ____________ diameter.

Back 19

Uniform

Front 20

Name the four nucleotides in DNA

Back 20

A, T, C, G (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)

Front 21

Name the Purines

Back 21

A, G

Front 22

Name the Pyrimidines

Back 22

T, C

Front 23

The DNA backbone is composed of alternating ____________ and _______________ molecules.

Back 23

sugar, phosphate

Front 24

DNA replication is known as _______-___________ because 2 molecules are produced each with half old and half new DNA.

Back 24

semi-conservation

Front 25

What is the function of the enzyme Helicase?

Back 25

Opens up the DNA strand

Front 26

What is the function of the enzyme DNA polymerase?

Back 26

Adds on free nucleotides and proofreads

Front 27

What is the function of the enzyme DNA ligase?

Back 27

Seals short strands

Front 28

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of information:
______________ DNA to DNA
______________ DNA to RNA
______________ RNA to proteins

Back 28

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of information:
REPLICATION DNA to DNA
Transcription DNA to RNA
Translation RNA to proteins

Front 29

Where in the cells does Translation RNA to proteins occur?

Back 29

Cytoplasm

Front 30

What is the function of RNA?

Back 30

(mRNA) messenger;
(tRNA) transfers a.a;
(rRNA) component of ribosomes

Front 31

The portion of DNA that is not translated and is a non-coded portion is composed of____________

Back 31

introns

Front 32

How many different kinds of amino acids are there in proteins?

Back 32

20

Front 33

Genes sparate independently during Meiosis

Back 33

Law of Independent assortment

Front 34

Epistasis is where___________ gene masks the effect of____________at a different location

Back 34

Epistasis is where ONE gene masks the effect of ANOTHER GENE at a different location.

Front 35

Failure of chromosomes to seperate during Meiosis is called___________

Back 35

non-disjuction

Front 36

1 more or 1 less chromosome; monosomy and trisomy

Back 36

Aneuploidy

Front 37

3 or more extra chromosomes (fatal in humana)

Back 37

Polyploidy

Front 38

An experimental mating of individuals in which the inheritance of two traits is tracked.

Back 38

dihybrid cross

Front 39

A general rule in inheritance that individuals have two alleles for each gene and that when gametes form by meiosis, the two alleles separate, and each resulting gamete ends up with only one allele of each gene; also known as Mendel's first law of inheritance.

Back 39

principle of segregation

Front 40

With respect to two given genes, the number of recombinant progeny from a mating divided by the total number of progeny. Recombinant progeny carry combinations of alleles different from those in either of the parents as a result of independent assortment of chromosomes or crossing over.

Back 40

recombination frequency

Front 41

remaining portions which are spliced together to form final RNA

Back 41

exons

Front 42

hybrids that have an appearance in between the phenotypes of the two parents

Back 42

incomplete dominance

Front 43

A combination of DNA and protein molecules.

Back 43

chromatin

Front 44

Each chromosome consists of two copies of these before beginning division.

Back 44

sister chromatids

Front 45

DNA and RNA nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next. What is this called?

Back 45

sugar-phosphate backbone