Biology 28 Microbiology

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amoeboid

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cell that moves and engulfs debris with pseudopods

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antibiotic

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microbial product or its derivative that kills susceptible microorganisms or inhibits their growth

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antigenic drift

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small chnage in the antigenic character of an organism that allows it to avoid attack by the immune system

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antigenic shift

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major change in the antigenic character of an organism that alters it to an antigenic strain unrecognized by host immune mechanisms

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archaea

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one of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells, called archaea, that often live in extreme habitats and have unique genetic, biochemical, and physiological characterisics

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bacteria

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One of the three domains of life; contains prokaryotic cells called bacteria that differ from archaea because they have their own unique genetic, biochemical, and phsysiological characteristics

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binary fission

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bacterial reproduction into two daughter cells without the utilization of a mitotic spindle

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capsid

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protein-containing layer that surrounds and protects the genetic material of a virus

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cellular slime mold

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free-living protist that exists as individual amoeboid cells; they are common in soil, where they feed on bacteria and yeasts

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brown alga

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conspicuous multicellular seaweeds that dominate rocky shores along cold and temperate coasts

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chemoautotroph

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organism able to synthesize organic molecules by using carbon dioxide as the carbon source and the oxidation of an inorganic substance (such as hydrogen sulfide) as the energy source

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ciliate

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complex unicellular protist that moves by means of cilia and digests food in food vacuoles

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club fungi

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members of the phylum Basidiomycota

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conidium

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structure that asexually produces fungal spores

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conjugation

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transfer of genetic material from one cell to another

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contractile vacuole

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organelle that pumps water out of the cell

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cyanobacteria

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photsynthetic bacteria that contain chlorophyll and release oxygen; formerly called blue-green aglae

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decomposer

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organism, usually a bacterium or fungus, that breaks down organic matter into inorganic nutrients that can be recycled in the environment

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diatom

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golden-brown alga wit a cell wall in two parts, or valves; significant part of phytoplankton

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dinoflagellate

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photosynthetic unicellular protist with two flagella, one a whiplash and the other located within a groove between protective cellulose plates; significant part of phytoplankton

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endospore

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thick-walled, resilient structure formed within certain bacteria

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envelope

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lipid layer aroudn some viruses

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euglenoid

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flagellated and flexible freshwater unicellular protist that usually contains chloroplasts and has a semirigid cell wall

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flagella

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long, slender extensions used for locomotion by some bacteria, protzoans, and sperm

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fungus

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saprotrophic decomposer; the body is made up of filaments called hyphae that form a mass called a mucelium

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Gram stain

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common lab test performed to help identify bacteria and aid in determining their susceptibility to antibiotics

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green alga

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member of a diverse group of photosynthetic protists that contains chlorophylls a and b and has other biochemical characteristics like those of plants

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heterotroph

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organism that cannot synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients and therefore must take in organic nutrients (food)

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hypha

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filament of the vegetative body of a fungus

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lichen

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fungi and algae coexisting in a symbiotic relationship

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lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

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Molecule containing both lipid and polysaccharide, which is important in the outer membrane of the gram-negative cell wall.

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malaria

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serious infectious illness caused by the parasitic protozoan Plasmodium. Characterized by bouts of high chills and fever that occur at regular intervals

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methanogen

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any of the various species of archaea that produce methane gas as a metabolic by-product

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mycelium

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mass of hyphae that makes up the body of a fungus

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mycorrhizal fungi

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fugi that grow on the roots of plants

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mycosis

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any disease cause by a fungus

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normal microflora

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microbes, mostly bacteria, that live on and in the body and usually have beneficial effects

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nucleoid

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region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope

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phytoplankton

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part of plankton containing organisms that photosynthesize, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere and serving as food producers in aquatic ecosystems

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plasmodial (acellular) slime mold

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free living mass of cytoplasm that moves by pseudopods on a forest floor or in a field, feeding on decaying plant material by phagocytosis; reproduces by spore formation

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prion

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infectious particle, consisting of protein only and no nucleic acid, that is believed to be linked to several diseases of the central nervous system; stands for proteinlike infectious agent

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protist

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member of the kingdom protista, one of the 6 kingdoms in teh classification of organisms

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protozoan

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heterotrophic unicellular protist that moves by flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia, or is immobile

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provirus

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latent form of a retrovirus in which the viral DNA is incorporated into the chromosome of the host.

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pyrenoid

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spherical protein body embedded in an algal chloroplast; surrounded by starch granules and containing RuBP carboxylase

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red algae

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marine photosynthetic protist with a notable abundance of phycobilin pigments; includes coralline algae of coral reefs

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red tide

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occurs frequently in coastal areas and is often associated with population blooms of dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellate pigments are responsible for the red color of the water. Under these conditions, the dionflagellates often produce saxitoxin, which can lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning

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retrovirus

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RNA virus containing the enzyme reverse transcriptase that syntehsizes DNA from RNA

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sac fungi

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members of the phylum Ascomycota

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sporangium

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structure that produces spores

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spore

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haploid reproductive cell, sometimes resistant to unfavorable environmental conditions, which is capable of producing a new individual that is also haploid

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sporozoan

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spore-forming protist that has no means of locomotion and is typically a parasite with a complex life cycle having both sexual and asexual phases

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tinea

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name for many different kinds of superficial fungal infections of the skin, nails, and hair

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transduction

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the transfer of genetic material between bacteria by viruses

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transformation

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the taking up of extraneous genetic material from the environment by bacteria

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tubercle

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small, rounded nodular lesion produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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viroid

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infectious strant of RNA devoid of a capsid and much smaller than a virus

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virus

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noncellular obligate parasite of living cells consisting of an inner core of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid. Some have an additional lipid layer called an envelope

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water mold

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filamentous organism having cell walls made of cellulose; typically a decomposer of dead freshwater organisms, but some are parasites of aquatic or terrestrial organisms

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yeast

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unicellular fungus that has a single nucleus and reproduces asexually by budding or fission, or sexually through spore formation

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zooflagellate

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nonphotosynthetic protist that mvoes by flagella; sooflagellates typically enter into symbiotic relationsihps, and soem are parasitic

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zooplankton

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part of plankton containing protozoans and other types of microscopic animals

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zygospore fungi

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members of the phylum Zygomycota