Biology

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Morphogenesis

Back 1

the change in form of an organism resulting from cell differentiation

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Cell Differentiation

Back 2

the change in morphology, physology or function of a cell in relation to its neighboring cells

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Blastula

Back 3

a hollow ball of cells formed when a zygote undergoes repeated cucles of cell division

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Gastrula

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a cup-shaped embryo formed as the blastula folds inward

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Gastrulation

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transforms the blastula into a mutlilayered embryo

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Homeotic Gene

Back 6

a gene that conrols the development of a specific adult structure

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Cancer

Back 7

the uncontrolled growth of cells

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Tumor

Back 8

an abnormal mass of cells

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Benign Tumor

Back 9

an abnormal but non-threatening cell mass

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Malignant Tumor

Back 10

a cancerous mass of cells

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Metastasis

Back 11

the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

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Carcinoma

Back 12

a malignant tumor that grows in body tissue

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Sarcoma

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a tumor growing in bone or muscle tissue

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Lymphoma

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a tumor in the tissues that form blood cells

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Leukemia

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a progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs

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Carcinogens

Back 16

cancer-causing substances

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Oncogene

Back 17

a gene that induces cancer of other uncontrolled proliferation

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Proto-oncogene

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oncogene precursor that controls a cell's growth and differentiation

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Tumor-Suppressor Gene

Back 19

a gene that suppresses tumor formation but when mutated causes a loss in cell function resulting in tumor formation

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linkage groups

Back 20

groups of genes, located on the same chromosome, that are usually inherited together

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crossing-over

Back 21

the exchange of genes by reciprocal segments of homologous chromosome during meiosis

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mutation

Back 22

a change in DNA

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somatic mutation

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a mutation that occurs in a body cell

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germ-cell mutation

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a change in DNA of a sex cell

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chromosome mutation

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a change in the structure of a chromosome or the loss of an entire chromosome

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deletion

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a mutation in which a segment of DNA breaks off the chromosome

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inversion

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a mutation that occurs when a chromosome piece breaks off and reattaches in reverse orientation

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translocation

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a mutation in which a broken piece of chromosome attaches to a non-homologous chromosome

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pint-mutation

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the change of a single nitroggen base within a codon

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frame-shift mutation

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a mutation resulting in the misreading of the code during translation because of a change in the reading frame

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mutagen

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an environmental factor that damages DNA

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Thomas Hunt Morgan

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-attended Columbia Unviversity
-he discovered that the chromosome pairs differed in both males and females

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sickle-cell anemia

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-caused by a point-mutation that substitutes adenine for thymine in a signle DNA codon
-selective-advantage on africa because it provides immunity to malaria

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pedigree analysis

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shows how traits are inherited by studying the phenotype among members of the same species from one generation to the next

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huntington's disease

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a human genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele resulting in involuntary movements and eventually death

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genetic marker

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a trait controlled by multiple genes

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single allele traits

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a trait controlled by a single allele

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polygenic traits

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a short section of DNA that indicates the presence of an allele that codes for a trait

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nondisjunction

Back 39

the failure of homologous chromosomes to seperate during meoisis or the failure of a sister chromosome to seperate during meoisis

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monosomy

Back 40

a condition in a diploid cell in which one chromosome of one pair is missing as a result of nondisjunction during meiosis

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trisomy

Back 41

a chromosome anomaly in which an individual has an extra chromosome in any of the chromosome pairs

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downs syndrome

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a disorder caused by an extra 21st chromosome and characterized by a number of physical and mental abnormalities

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genetic engineering

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a form of applied genetics in which scientists directly manipulate genes

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restriction enzyme

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a protied that recognizes specific sequences in a DNA olecule and cuts it into pieces

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clonig vector

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a carier used to clone a gene and transfer it from on organism to another

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plasmid

Back 46

a single ring of extra chromosomal DNA and bacteria

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gene clone

Back 47

an extra copy of a gene

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genomic library

Back 48

a set of thousands of DNA pieces cut by a specific restriction enzyme

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recombinant DNA

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a DNA segment from at least 2 different organisms

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transergenic organism

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a host organism that has recieved recombinant DNA

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DNA fingerprinting

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a pattern of bands made up of specifc fragments from an individuals DNA

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gel electrophoresis

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a technique used to seperate nucleic acids or protiens by size and gharge

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Human Genome Project

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a worldwide scientific collaboration to determine the nucleic sequence of the entire human genome

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gene therapy

Back 54

treatment of a genetic disorder by introducing a healthy gene into a cell