Biology

Front 1

biology

Back 1

the study of life

Front 2

6 characteristics of life

Back 2

1) grow and develop
2) reproduce
3) composed of cells
4) use energy/have metabolism
5) respond to stimuli
6) have movement

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life's heirarchy of organization

Back 3

1) ecosystem level--all the living and nonliving factors in an area
2) community level==all the living organisms in an area
3) polulation level--all individuals of a species in an area
4) organism level--one individual of a species
5) organ system level--system of organs
6) organ level--one organ in the system
7) tissue level--tissue in organ
8) cellular level--individual cells
9) molecular level--molecules that make up cells

Front 4

discovery science

Back 4

verifiable ovservations and measurements, describe life on many levels, physical characterisitics, use senses, behaviors, dissections

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hypothesis

Back 5

tentative statement about the natural world leading to deductions that can be tested

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fact

Back 6

an observation that has been repeated and confirmed and for all practical purposes is accepted as true

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law

Back 7

a descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaved under stated circumstances

Front 8

theory

Back 8

a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural that incorportates facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypothesis

Front 9

3 domains of life

Back 9

1) domain bacteria
2) domain archaea
3) domain eukarya

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energy vs chemicals

Back 10

energy flows, chemicals cycle

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species

Back 11

a population whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another to produce fertile offspring, but who cannot successfully interbreed with members of other species

Front 12

trophic structure

Back 12

the feeding relationships among the various species
a) food chain
b) food web

Front 13

food chain

Back 13

shows how energy moves through a system, up the chain
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detritivores (dead)

Front 14

food web

Back 14

network of interconnecting food chains

shows how the energy moves, in the complexity of a real life situation

Front 15

pollination

Back 15

how a plant gets its male sperm to the female parts of another plant of the same species (abiotic or biotic)

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seed dispersal

Back 16

how plants get their seeds discpersed so they don't all land below the parent plant (abiotic or biotic)

Front 17

symbiotic relationships

Back 17

interactions where one species lives in or on another
a) mutual
b) parasitism

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5 most common molecules of life

Back 18

water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 19

4 basic elecments of life

Back 19

oxygen, carbon, hydrogran, nitrogren

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4 common elecments combine to form...

Back 20

1) water-- O and H
2) four macromolecules...
carbohydrates (O, H, C)
lipids (O, H, C)
proteins (O, H, C, N)
nuleic acids (O,H,C,N, P)

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atomic number

Back 21

# of protons

Front 22

4 reactive atoms and why

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hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
because their outermost shell is incomplete-- missing electrons

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ionic bonds

Back 23

ions = atoms/molecules with a + or - charge

attractions between ions of opposite charge

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covalent bonds

Back 24

share electrons
form molecules
single bonds or double bonds

Front 25

% of freshwater

Back 25

less than 3%-- 3/4 of that is in polar caps and glaciers

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4 qualities of water that make it unique and make life possible on earth

Back 26

1) liquid water is cohesive
2) ice is less dense than liquid water
3) water moderated temperatures
4) water is versatile solvent

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liquid water is cohesive

Back 27

hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stick together and pull eachother along

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surface tension

Back 28

part of cohesiveness of water

the measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

hydrogen bonds give water a high surface tension

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ice is less dense than liquid water

Back 29

ice floats

when water freezes, hydrogen bonds form between 100% of the molecules--pushes the molecules apart--making more space between molecules--forms a lattice-like structure

becomes less dense and thus lighter than liquid water

ice--hydrogen bonds are stable
liquid water--hydrogen bonds constantly break and reform

Front 30

water moderates temperature

Back 30

water gains and loses heat slowly

the hydrogen bonds must first be broken in order for water to evaporate when heated--water heats up slowly

Front 31

evaporative cooling of water

Back 31

the transition of water from a liquid to a gas requires the input of energy to break the many hydrogen bonds

Front 32

water is a versatile solvent

Back 32

many things dissolve in water

part of the reason why we are 80% water--so molecules can get where they need to be

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carbon

Back 33

four unfilled spaces in outer electron shell

can build chains--forms the backbone for the molecules needed for life

Front 34

hydrocarbons

Back 34

the most simple carbon molecules

carbon and hydrogen only

we use for fuels--store tremendous amounts of energy--release this energy when broken (much as heat or fire)

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polymers

Back 35

molecules built by linking together a large number of subunits

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monomers

Back 36

subunits linked together to build molecules called polymers

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dehydration synthesis

Back 37

polymers are made from monomers using this process

water is removed in the process

Front 38

hydrolysis

Back 38

monomers are broken off of polymers using this process

water is added in the process

Front 39

carbohydrates

Back 39

a class of molecules randing from small sugars to large polysaccharides

molecules made up of C, H, O

fuel for our bodies

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monosaccharides

Back 40

carbohydrate

single sugar unites--monomers

glucose, fructose

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glucose

Back 41

what plants make during photosynthesis

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disaccharide

Back 42

two sugar monomers joined by dehydration sunthesis

sucrose, maltose, lactose

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sucrose

Back 43

glucose and fructose

table sugar

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maltose

Back 44

two glucose

germinating seeds and making beer

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lactose

Back 45

glucose and galactose

sugar found in milk

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polysaccharides

Back 46

polymers of a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides long

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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starch

Back 47

a storage polysaccharide in plant rootsa nd seeds, consisting entirely of glucose monomers

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glycogen

Back 48

branched chains of glucose where animals and humans sotre excess sugars

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cellulose

Back 49

the cable like fibers in the tough walls that enclose plant cell--the major component of wood

Front 50

lipids

Back 50

diverse compounds that consist mainly of C and H

nonpolar (few or no O atoms)

hydrophobic

fats, oils

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triglyceride

Back 51

three fatty acids linked to glycerol--another name for fat

main function of fats in energy storage-- a gram of fat sotres more than twice as much energy as a gram of polysaccharides such as starch

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saturated fat

Back 52

fatty acid with the maximum number of hydrogens on the carbon chain

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unsaturated fat

Back 53

fatty acid with less than the maximum number of hydrogens on the carbon chain

Front 54

can pack tightly together... solid at room temp...

Back 54

saturated fats

Front 55

cannot pack tightly... liquid at room temp

Back 55

polyunsaturated fats

Front 56

kinks in unsaturated fat

Back 56

prevents the molecules from packing tightly together and solidifying at room temp

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prokaryotic cell

Back 57

single cells, no nucleus, 10x smaller than eukaryotic cells, bacterial cell wall

basteria and archaea

Front 58

eukaryotic cells

Back 58

part of multi-cellular organisms, nucleus, 10x larger than prokaryotic cells, organelles

protists, plants, fungi, animals

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prokaryotic nucleoid region

Back 59

where dna is found

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prokaryotic ribosomes

Back 60

organelles that make proteins

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prokaryotic plasma membrane

Back 61

outside membrane of cell

Front 62

prokaryotic bacterial cell wall

Back 62

wall outside the plasma membrane

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prokaryotic capsule

Back 63

sticky compound outside of cell wall, aids in adhering and hiding from immune system

some

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prokaryotic pili

Back 64

hair like extensions, aids in adhering

some

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prokaryotic flagella

Back 65

tail like extenion with ship like action for movement

some

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sukarotic animal nucleus

Back 66

dna

Front 67

eukaroytic animal plasma membrane

Back 67

membrane on outside of cell, regulates traffic in and out of cell

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eukaryotic animal cytoplasm

Back 68

fluid filled space within cell

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eukaryotic aminal organelles

Back 69

rough er, smooth er, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria

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eukaryotic plant cell wall

Back 70

made of cellulose

Front 71

eukaryotic plant central vaculoe

Back 71

filled with water for support and storage

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eukaryotic plant chloroplastsw

Back 72

where photosynthesis takes place

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nucleus

Back 73

info center of the cell

dna chromosomes

condensed only before or after cell division

uncondensed when it is in its normal active state, coordinating cell work and activity

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nuclear pores

Back 74

controls the movement of materials in and out of nucleus

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how genes in the nucleus control the cell...

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1) dna opens at a particular gener... mrna is synthesized from dna
2) mrna moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm or rough er
3) synthesis of protein occurs at the ribosomes--mrna attaches to a ribosome--mrna carries the code that tells the ribosome which amino acids to add to make the protein

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rough er

Back 76

rough because ribosomes stud the membranes
ribosomes synthesize proteins

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smooth er

Back 77

synthesize lipids
breaks down glycogen to glucose

detoxification of drugs or poisons

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transport vesicles

Back 78

vesicles are membrane-bound sacs

bud off from rough er

transportation system within cell-- carry proteins to other organelles, secrete them outside of cell

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golgi apparatus

Back 79

modifies products of er, stores products until needed, distributes products using transport vesicles

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lysosomes

Back 80

vesicles which carry digestive enzymes that breakdown food, recycle molecules by breaking down worn out or damaged organelles or other objects, programmed destruction of cells

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vaculoes

Back 81

membrane-bound sacs

stores water and other substances

overfills with water to give plants support

Front 82

chloroplasts

Back 82

plant cells only

membrane-bound sacs where photosynthesis takes place--converts solar energy into chemical energy in the bonds of sugar molecules

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mitochondria

Back 83

energy centers of the cell

Front 84

cellular respiration

Back 84

process of harvesting energy from carbs, fats, and other foods and converting that energy into atp

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atp

Back 85

carrier of small untis of energy which power everything in the cell

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selective permeability

Back 86

plasma membrane

it allows some substances to pass through more easily than others

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phospholipids

Back 87

membranes are made up of a double layer of phospholipids

hydrophobic

in water, spontaneously form a stable, two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer-- heads face outward toward water while tails point inward, toward the tails of other phospholipids, shielded from the water

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passive transport

Back 88

does not require energy

IE some small molecules can pass thru but not larger molecules and most molecules with a charge

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active transport

Back 89

requires energy

IE larger molecules and those with a charge need assistance to move across the membrane

energy (usually atp) required

transport protein--which only recognize a particular solute

less to more concentration (against the concentration gradient)

Front 90

diffusion

Back 90

passive transport

the tendency for molecules to spread out into the available space

from higher to lower concentration until it reaches equilibrium

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osmosis

Back 91

passive transport

the transport of water across a selectively permeasble membrane

high to low concentration movement

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facilitated diffusion

Back 92

passive transport

certain small molecules, too large to pass thru the membrane, are assisted across thru transport proteins

higheer to lower concentration