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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of ecology? |
Study of the distribution and abundance of organisms |
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What organisms gre resistance to Bt Maize? |
Western Corn Rootworm |
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When a subpopulation is diverging or diversifying, what does that mean? |
The proportion of individuals with characteristic A may differ in the several subpopulations over time. |
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If barriers are persistent diversification can lead to what? |
speciation |
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What is the ecological theater? |
Contains selective pressures like food, predators, herbivores, competitors, parasites, pathogens, climate |
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What is the evolutionary play? |
Responses to the selective pressures such as generalization, specialization, adaptation, and extinction |
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Ernst Mayrs definition for evolution |
characteristics of lineages of organisms change over time |
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Ernst Mayrs definition for common descent |
Species that have diverged from common ancestors and all of life constitutes a single "family tree" |
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Ernst Mayrs definition for gradualism |
Differences among organisms, no matter how substantial, evolve from small numerous steps through intermediate forms |
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Ernst Mayrs definition for populational speciation |
Evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of individuals within a population that differ in one or more heritable characteristics |
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Ernst Mayrs definition for natural selection |
Evolution occurs by changes in the proportions of various heritable characteristics within a population due to the effect of these characteristics on differential reproduction |
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The idea that continents and sections of the Earth's crust move relative to each other was posed by who in where? |
By Alfred Wegener on the Origin of Continents and Oceans |
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What is a fact? |
A hypothesis supported beyond any reasonable doubt as accepted as true |
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What is a theory? |
A mature, coherent body of interconnected statements based on reasoning and evidence that explains a variety of observations |
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What is evolution? fact, theory, law? |
Evolution is a theory supported by facts in diverse fields |
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Descent with modification by natural selection is what? fact, theory, law, hypothesis? |
hypothesis |
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What book introduced binomial nomenclature and the scheme of hierarchical classification? |
The systema Maturae |
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Difference between homology and analogy |
Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry Analogy is similarity not due to shared ancestry |
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What are homoplasies? |
Analogous features |
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The deeper the similarity of structures, particularly similarity no accounted for by functional requirements, the more likely they are to be homologous or analogous? |
More homologous |
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There is homology of the jaw joint of mammal ancestors and what of modern mammals? |
The middle ear bones of modern mammals |
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There is homology of a stinger and what? |
a ovipositor |
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All proteins are composed of only what-handed amino acids |
left-handed amino acids |
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What are synapomorphies? |
derived homologies |
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Where do marsupials occur? And why does it make sense? |
In Australia and South America. It makes sense if we take into account geographic and evolutionary history. |
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Intermediate forms |
Fossils that suggest a transitional sequence in which whales evolved from land mammals. |
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What are the different kinds of wolf spiders mentioned in lecture? |
Big-eyed wolf spider Small-eyed big0eyed wolf spider No-eyed big eyed wolf spider |
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Some terrestrial salamanders and frogs pass through an aquatic larval stage in the egg. This is an example of what? |
A vestigial stage |
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What in plants have arisen independently at least 6 times from different structures? |
Tendrils |
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Squids and vertebrates have independently acquired what? |
camera-type single-lens eyes |
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T/F The route of the vas deferens in mammals only makes sense in light of developmental and evolutionary history |
True |
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What other nerve does not follow a good functional design? (In fish it is a direct route because they don't have a neck) |
The recurrent laryngeal nerve |
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Are fossils bone? |
No |
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What are fossils? |
Impressions or traces of bones or other body parts, or the traces of animal activity in sedimentary rock |
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What is the study of fossilization called? |
taphonomy |
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What is Permineralization? |
The spaces within bone or other structures are filled with minerals precipitating from water that enters those spaces |
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What are molds and casts? |
An organism's body occupies a space within sediment and sedimentary rock that can then be filled by decomposition of minerals |
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What are trace fossils? |
Record and activity of organisms (borings, footprints, feeding traces) |
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Fossil records favor species that are land animals or aquatic? |
Aquatic |
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Sedimentary strata tell what of fossils? |
Relative ages of fossils |
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How do you determine the absolute ages of fossils? |
radiometric dating |
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A "parent" isotops decays to a "daughter" isotope at what rate? |
At a constant rate |
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Each isotope has a known half life which is the time required for half the what isotope to decay? |
the parent isotope |
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What eon encompasses multicellular eukaryotic life? |
Phanerozoic |
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What are the 3 eons in order? |
Archaen, Proterozoic, Phanerozoic |
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The phanerozoic is divided in what 3 eras? |
paleozoic, mesozoic, Cenozoic |
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What are the periods in order? |
Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene, Neogene, Quaternary COSDCPTJCPNQ |
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What are oldest fossils called? |
Stromatolites |
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What are stromatolites and when do they date back? |
Date back 3.5 bi. years ago They are rocks formed by the accumulation of sedimentary layers on bacterial mats. |
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Prokaryotes were the sole inhabitants from what to what many billions years ago? |
From 3.5 to 2.1 billion years ago |
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When did O2 begin accumulating in the atmosphere? |
2.7 billion years ago |
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When O2 began accumulating, what did it do? |
Rusting iron-rich terrestrial rocks |
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When was the oxygen revolution? and what did it do? |
2.7-2.3 billion years ago Caused the extinction of many prokaryotic groups |
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The 1st rise in O2 was likely caused by what? |
Cyanobacteria |
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The 2nd rise in oxygen was maybe cased by what? |
Evolution of eukaryotic cells containing chloroplasts |
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The oldest fossils of eukaryotic cells date back when? |
2.1 billion years |
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When did the second wave of diversification begin? and why? |
1.2 billion years ago because multicellularity evolved |
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What does the cambrian explosion refer to? |
Sudden appearance of fossils that resemble modern animal phyla in the cambrian period |
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When was the cambrian period? |
535-525 million years ago |
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Much of the cambrian explosion is known only from what? |
Burgess Shale fossil deposits |
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When was the formation of the supercontinent pangaea formed? |
Late paleozoic era |
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When did pangaea break up? |
Mesozoic era |
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The similarity of fossils between what 2 continents confirm the idea of pangaea? |
South America and Africa |
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How many mass extinctions have there been before humans? |
5 |
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How many marine species lost in the Permian extinction? |
96% |
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How many million years ago was the Cretaceous mass extinction? |
65.5 million years ago |
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What was the Cretaceous mass extinction hypothesized to be due to? |
meteorite impact |
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What organisms when extinct during the Cretaceous mass extinction? |
Half of all marine species, many land plants and animals, most dinosaurs |
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What are adaptive radiations?? |
Periods of evolution in whichh groups form many new species whose adaptions allow the, to fill different ecological niches |
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How many drosophila species are endemic to Hawaii? and they make up how much of all the species on earth? |
Over 500. They make up over 1/4th of all species on earth |
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Why was there a lot of radiation with drosophila fruit flies in Hawaii? |
Because they were one of the first to come to hawaii and lots of different environments in which to ADAPTIVE RADIATE to. |
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Why was the hawaiian silversword mentioned in lecture? |
Because there was radiation of that species |
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There are native birds from half of the total what number order of birds? |
28 |
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What percentage of native hawaiian bird species are endemic? |
80% |
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About hawaiian honeycreepers, how many species are there from a single colonizing finch species? |
50 |
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How many hawaiian honeycreepers are now extinct? |
More than half of those |
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Hawaiian honeycreeper radiation includes? |
generalists, nectivores, granicores (seeds&grain), fugivores, insectivores |
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Convergent evolution within the Hawaiian honeycreepers has produced ecological equivalent forms on Hawaii and what other island? |
Kauai |
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Are the legs of the fox an adaption for clearing snow? |
No |
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T/F In any study of adaption, it is necessary to consider incidental effect as an alternative explanation |
True |
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Who's responsible for the evolution of the teddy bear? |
Adults who buy them |
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What is one definition of adaption? |
A phenotypic variant that results in the highest fitness among a specified set of variants in a given environment. (only refers to current effects) |
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What is another definition of adaption? |
A derived character that evolved in response to a specific selective agent (this def. required an inference about history, ancestral states, and environmental conditions) |
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Iclicker question: Which of the following is the most accurate and useful description of mouth-brooding in an evolutionary context? |
1. Mouth-brooding in fishes is an adaption that reduces predation on eggs 2. Fish that mought brooded their eggs had higher offspring survival than those that laid eggs in a nest (You can test these) |
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What is the counter shading principle? |
Nothing between a viewer and the source of light can appear lighter than the source? |
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Pony fish (leiognathidae) have what that house symbiotic light-producing bacteria? |
photophores |
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William Paley believed that, for example, an eye and a hand are contrivances (looks like they have a reason) therefore they must have a contriver. How does evolutionary biology dispute this idea? |
A contrivance can be produced without a contriver. "The blind watch maker" |
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Eyes have evolved independently how many times? |
40 |
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What do crystallins do? |
they prevent proteins from clumping |
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Where are crystallins expressed? |
In muscles and other tissues, and now eye thanks to a mutation |
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T/F Every cell has every gene, its just that its not expressed in some places. |
true |
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T/F Complexity is an energy invesment |
True |
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How many genes are associated with the eye? |
2000 |
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What is epistasis? |
One gene alters the phenotypic expression of another gene |
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What is an example of epistasis? |
One gene determines pigment color while the other determines whether that pigment will be deposited in the hair |
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What is pleiotrophy? |
When a gene affects multiple aspects of a phenotype |
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What is polygenic inheritance? |
severla genes affect a single trait (ex. skin color) |
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The process of natural selection and evolution will keep going on as long as what 5 observations hold? |
1. Potential exponential increase in populations 2. Steady state (stability) of populations 3. limited resources 4. Uniqueness of individuals 5. Variation is inherited |
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What is directional selection? |
Favors individuals at one end of phenotypic range |
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What is an example of disruptive selection mentioned in class? (hint: birds) |
The cuckoo egg color. Constantly trying to be the color of the host egg. |
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Modern evolutionary biology recognizes Aristotle's "complex action as what? |
reproduction |
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What is inclusive fitness? |
The total effect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring |
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Natural selection favors alturism when... what is the inequality (equation) called Hamiltons rule? |
rB>C r= coefficient of relatedness B=benefit C=cost |
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What is kin selection? |
The natural selection that favors this kind of alturistic behavior by enhancing reproductive success of relatives. |
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What are 4 adaptions due to kin selection? |
Alarm calls Cooperative breeding in diverse organisms Avoidence of eating relatives Various forms of nepotism (the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.) |
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Are there adaptions to prevent extinction? |
No, when populations are in trouble, individuals still are competing with each other over resources, they do this to extinction |
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How much of plants and animals do not live near or even recognize relatives? |
The majority |
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T/F Nothing is done for the good of the species, rarely for the good of the group, and mostly for the good of individuals |
True |
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T/F Selection on individuals may result in groups with lower fitness |
True |
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Difference between gene flow and genetic drift |
Gene flow is transfer of alleles from one pop. To another. Genetic drift is when chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele fluctuations. |
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Difference between gene flow and genetic drift |
Gene flow is transfer of alleles from one pop. To another. Genetic drift is when chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele fluctuations. |
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What is neutral variation? |
Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage |
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Difference between gene flow and genetic drift |
Gene flow is transfer of alleles from one pop. To another. Genetic drift is when chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele fluctuations. |
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What is neutral variation? |
Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage |
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What is sexual dimorphism |
Differences between secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species |
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Difference between gene flow and genetic drift |
Gene flow is transfer of alleles from one pop. To another. Genetic drift is when chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele fluctuations. |
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What is neutral variation? |
Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage |
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What is sexual dimorphism |
Differences between secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species |
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What is the study of biogrography? |
Past and present geographic distribution of species |
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What is the study of fossils? |
Paleontology |
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Difference between gene flow and genetic drift |
Gene flow is transfer of alleles from one pop. To another. Genetic drift is when chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele fluctuations. |
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What is neutral variation? |
Genetic variation that does not provide a selective advantage or disadvantage |
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What is sexual dimorphism |
Differences between secondary sex characteristics of males and females of the same species |
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What is the study of biogrography? |
Past and present geographic distribution of species |
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What is the study of fossils? |
Paleontology |
