Biology

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Adenosine triphophate(ATP)

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one principal chemical compounds that living use to store enrgy

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photosynthesis

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process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to power chemical reactions that convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

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pigment

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light absorbing colored molecule

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chlorophyll

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principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms; captures light energy

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thylakoid

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saclike body in chloroplasts amde of photosynthetic membrans that contain photosystems

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stroma

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region outside the thylakoid membranes in chloroplast

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light-dependant reactions

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reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

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Calvin Cycle

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reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

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autotroph

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organism that can make its own food

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heterotroph

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organism that gets its food from other living organisms

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lipid bylayer

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double-layered sheet of lipids that form most cell membranes

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concentration

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the mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume

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diffusion

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process by which molecules tend to move from and area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated
High---> low

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selective permeability

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allows only certain substances to pass through them

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osmosis

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diffusion of water through a selective permeable membrane

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facilitated diffusion

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movement of molecules across cell membranes through protiens channels

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active transport

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energy-requiring process that moves materials across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

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endocytosis

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process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane

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phagocytosis

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process in which extensions on cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell

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exocytosis

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process by which the cell releases large amounts of material

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cell specialization

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seperate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organisms

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tissue

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group of similar cells that form a particular function

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organ

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group of tissues that work together to form closely related functions

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organ system

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group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

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cell

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basic unit of all forms of life

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prokaryote

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single-celled multiorganism who lacks a nucleus

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eukaryote

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organism whose cell contains a nuclei

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organelle

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specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryote cell

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chromatin

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granular material within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins

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chromosome

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threadlike structure within the nucleus containing genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

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cytoskeleton

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network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement