Biology

Front 1

Central nervous system

Back 1

brain and spinal cord
receives, integrates and coordinates sensory data
issues motor commands
site of higher functions

Front 2

Afferent division

Back 2

part of peripheral nervous system that handles incoming sensory information

Front 3

efferent division

Back 3

part of peripheral nervous system that carries signals to muscles and glands

Front 4

somatic nervous system

Back 4

part of efferent division
voluntary control over skeletal muscle

Front 5

autonomic nervous system

Back 5

part of efferent division
involuntary control over smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
sympathetic division - fight or flight
parasympathetic division - rest and digest

Front 6

sensory neurons

Back 6

relay touch, temp, pressure, sensation, sight, smell, sound, and taste; also perceive state of muscular, digestive, respiratory and urinary systems

Front 7

motor neurons

Back 7

carry commands from CNS to effectors

Front 8

interneurons

Back 8

located in the brain and spinal cord to interconnect other neurons
analyze sensory input and coordinate output

Front 9

anatomy of a neuron

Back 9

cell body contains organelles
dendrites receive signals
axon - single extension that carries signal from cell body
synaptic terminals - axon endpoint that interfaces with other neurons

Front 10

nervous system helper cells

Back 10

ingest foreign molecules
cover blood vessels in brain
myelin sheath around axons in CNS
PNS sheath formed by Schwann cells
myelin is white matter

Front 11

brain

Back 11

gray matter contains mostly cell bodies but has tracts of white matter
site of higher thinking
communicates through 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Front 12

cerebral cortex

Back 12

outer layer of brain
site of conscious thought and intellectual functions
memory storage, complex motor patterns, visual and olfactory cortex

Front 13

prefrontal lobe

Back 13

helps prioritize behavior

Front 14

cerebrum

Back 14

left and right hemispheres

Front 15

hippocampus

Back 15

long term memory

Front 16

cerebellum

Back 16

regulates ongoing movement based on current sensory input and stored motor memory, adjusts postural muscle, maintains balance and reproduces learned movements

Front 17

thalamus

Back 17

located at top of brain stem
info processing and relay center
controls several autonomic functions

Front 18

hypothalamus

Back 18

located below thalamus
involved in emotion, autonomic function and hormone production

Front 19

pituitary gland

Back 19

connected to hypothalamus by and narrow stalk, connected to nervous system by hypothalamus
master gland in endocrine system
involved in growth

Front 20

midbrain

Back 20

located below hypothalamus at top of brain stem
processes sight and hearing
generates involuntary motor responses
controls muscle tone, posture and consciousness

Front 21

pons

Back 21

bridge between brain structures
control of breathing

Front 22

medulla oblongata

Back 22

connects spinal cord to brain
bottom of brain stem
controls autonomic functions heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestion

Front 23

parietal lobe

Back 23

interprets sensory information

Front 24

occipital lobe

Back 24

handles basic visual input

Front 25

temporal lobe

Back 25

handles hearing and advanced visual processing

Front 26

corpus collosum

Back 26

axons that link hemispheres

Front 27

auditory tube

Back 27

connects middle ear with pharynx, stabilizes air pressure

Front 28

how are balance and equilibrium maintained

Back 28

nerve receptors in the inner ear detect rotational head movement and relay to the brain

Front 29

cornea

Back 29

clear window allows light and refracts it to retina

Front 30

sclera

Back 30

white of eye protects and shapes the eye and anchors the eye muscles

Front 31

anterior chamber

Back 31

chamber at front of eye contains aqueous humor

Front 32

lens

Back 32

controls shape of cornea to focus

Front 33

ciliary body

Back 33

ring of tissue around the lens with muscle to control its shape

Front 34

iris

Back 34

colored part of eye regulates incoming light with 2 smooth muscles that control the pupil

Front 35

retina

Back 35

transforms light to nervous system signals

Front 36

vitreous humor

Back 36

clear gel at back of eye transmits light and supports the back of the lens; formed in embryonic stage and lasts for life

Front 37

choroid

Back 37

dark brown membrane that absorbs light, prevents light from scattering in eye

Front 38

optic nerve

Back 38

sends visual information to the thalamus

Front 39

fovea

Back 39

pinpoint opening contains cones

Front 40

rods

Back 40

black and white photoreceptors that operate best in low light

Front 41

cones

Back 41

color receptors that work in bright light