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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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homeostasis
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process used to keep a stable internal environment
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environment
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What are the five (5) characteristics of all living things?
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1. homeostasis
2. reproduction 3. heredity 4. cellular organization 5. metabolism |
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metabolism
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biochemical reactions to make or break down molecules
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reactions
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reproduction
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process by which living things have offspring
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heredity
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passing on genetic information (DNA)
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What does cellular organization mean?
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All living things are made up of 1 or more cells.
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element
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building block of nature/matter
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atom
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smallest unit of an element, still having the element's properties
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compound
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a substance made up of two or more elements
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example: H20 (water)
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molecule
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the smallest unit of a compound
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Central dogma
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DNA ---> mRNA ---> protein ---> work
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protein
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machine parts of the cell
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DNA
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genetic information= books in the library of all protein recipe
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gene
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part of DNA that codes for a protein = 1 protein recipe
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mRNA
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1 copy of 1 gene
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centrioles
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help organize fibers, especially during cell division
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nucleus
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serves as storage space for DNA; membrane bound area in the center of the cell
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Mitochondria
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the "powerhouse" of the cell; an organelle which makes energy in the form of ATP from carbohydrates (eg. glucose=sugar)
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vacuoles
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Fluid filled spaces surrounded by membrane, they function in digestion storage, support, and water balance.
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golgi apparatus
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an organelle which packages and processes proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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materials travel along it through the cell
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ribosomes
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small protein-making structures; they can be free-floating or they can be attached to the ER
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transcription
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the process for copying information from DNA to mRNA
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making a copy
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translation
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the process used for building a protein using mRNA as the blueprint
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building
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membrane protein
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allows molecules in + out of the cell
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cytoskeleton
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gives structure to the cell-like scafolding
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enzymes
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- protein molecules which make reactions happen faster by lowering the activation energy
-biological "catalysts" |
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hydrogen bonds
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-a strong bond keeping water molecules stuck together
-also keeps sister strands of DNA together |
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hydrophilic
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easly dissolved in water; attracted to water molecules
(eg. alcohol) |
(alcohol)
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hydrophobic
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dosen't dissolve in water (eg. oil)
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What molecules make up most of a cell membrane?
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phospholipids
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phospholipids
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molecule that is both hydrophobic + hydrophilic; makes up the cell membrane
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lipid
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fat, oil
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What is the purpose of ATP?
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ATP is the basic energy unit of cells. ATP is made by the mitochondria.
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macromolecules
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very large molecules (eg. DNA, proteins, polysaccharides)
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osmosis
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the flow of water from area of low concentration to high concentration
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solution
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a mixture of 2 or more substances that can be separated by physical means (eg. Kool Aid drink)
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solute
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the less abundant substance in a solution (eg. Kool Aid powder)
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solvent
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the more abundant substance in a solution (eg. water in Kool Aid)
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diffusion
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the flow of particles (solute) from areas of high concentration to low concentration
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permeable
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able to allow things to pass in and out
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simple diffusion
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particles go in/out of cell through the membrane from high concentration to low concentration areas
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facilitated diffusion
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diffusion using a helper/carrier protein
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concentration gradient
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difference is concentration between 2 areas
-in diffusion solutes move down the concentration gradient -in active transport, solutes move up the concentration gradient |
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receptors
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a signaling molecule made of protein
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endocytosis
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large particles come in
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exocytosis
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large particles go out
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activation energy
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the energy reguired to make a reaction go forward
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What are building blocks of DNA and mRNA?
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nucleotides
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
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amino acids
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What are the building blocks of polysaccharides?
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monosaccharides
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"poly" means many
"mono" means one "saccharide" means sugar |
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What are building blocks of lipids?
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fatty acids, glycerol
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What are the 4 important macromolecules in the cell?
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1. DNA, mRNA (also known as nucleic acids)
2. protein 3. polysaccharide 4. lipids |
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What are the different uses for proteins?
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1. carriers or channels: allow things in and out of cell
2. enzymes: speed up reactions 3. cytoskeleton: gives structure to the cell 4. fibers: "tracks" for moving things in the cell 5. receptors |
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What are "organic" molecules?
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any molecule containing carbon
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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H2O + CO2 + light ----> carbohydrates + O2
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What is the equation for cellular respiration?
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carbohydrates + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O + ATP
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animals eat food to make energy
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what are the 2 steps of photosynthesis
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light reaction
dark cycle (calvin cycle) |
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What are the products of the light cycle in photosynthesis?
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-make ATP
-make NADPH (electron carrier) |
2 important products
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What is the purpose of the dark cycle (Calvin Cycle) in photosynthesis?
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-makes carbohydrates using ATP, NADPH, and CO2
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What are the 2 main pathways that make up aerobic respiration? ("aerobic" = using air or O2)
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1) glycolysis
2) oxidative respiration |
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What happens at the end of glycolysis in an organism when no air (O2) is available?
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fermentation
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What are the products of fermentation?
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1) in animals: lactic acid
2) in yeast: ethanol |
think animals (pain after working out) vs. yeast (wine, beer...)
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How much energy does glycolysis produce from one glucose (sugar) molecule?
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2 ATP
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How much energy does oxidative respiration (O2 IS available) produce from one glucose (sugar) molecule?
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34 ATP
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What are the main reactants and products of glycolysis?
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1 glucose + 2 NAD+ --> 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
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Why does fermentation occur?
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To unload NADH, the electron carrier.
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What are the two steps in oxidative respiration?
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1) krebs cycle
2) electron transport chain |
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Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
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cytosol or cytoplasm
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Where does oxidative respiration occur in the cell?
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in the mitochondria
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karyotype
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an image created by squashing chromosomes during cell difision It is a picture of all chromosome pairs
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histone
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a protien used to help organize and coil DNA
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Give two more terms used by biology to describe "sugar".
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1) carbohydrate
2) saccharide |
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ribose
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sugar used in DNA - part of nucleotide
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mitosis
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-happens in growth
-process when cell makes an exact copy of itself |
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meiosis
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-part of sexual reproduction
-1 cell divides to form 4 cells with 50% or original DNA -happens in testes and ovaries to make sperm and eggs |
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centromere
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the part of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are attached
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chromatin
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all the DNA in the nucleus
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sister chromatids
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the two copies of DNA that are attached after a chromosome undergoes replication (copying)
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glucose
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a type of sugar best used for fuel; chemical formula = C6 H12 O6
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Why are cells very small?
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A small cell has a lot of surface area compared to its volume. This allows lots of nutrients and wastes to travel across the membrane.
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allele
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version of a gene
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trait
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physciall characteristic
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gamete
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sex cell, product of miosis
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zygote
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fertilized egg, product of 2 gametes joining
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fertilization
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joining male and female sex cells
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