Biology 243 - Laboratory

Front 1

Deoxyribose

Back 1

Five carbon sugar whose carbons are numbered 1'to 5'. The prime indicate that the carbons referred is not the same as the one in the nitrogenous bases

Front 2

Nitrogenous Bases

Back 2

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, and Cytosine. They are attached to the 1' carbon of the sugar.

Front 3

Purines

Back 3

Adenine and Guanine. Structures composed of two rings.

Front 4

Pyrimidines

Back 4

Cytosine and Thymine. Structures composed of one ring only.

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DNA Polymerase

Back 5

Enzyme that catalyses DNA replication

Front 6

Phosphodiester back-bone

Back 6

Joined deoxyribonucleotides that provide a repeating framework for supporting the DNA structure.

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Template Strand

Back 7

Strand of DNA that is copied

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Complementary Strand

Back 8

Strand of DNA that is a copy of a template strand

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Histones

Back 9

Positively-charged proteins at which the DNA molecule wound around.

Front 10

Chromatin

Back 10

High condensed structure, formed by compact DNA and histones.

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Polyploidy

Back 11

Cells that have multiple copies of chromosomes

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Mitosis

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The process by which one copy of each chromosome is given to the daughter cells. Therefore, providing two cells that are genetically identical to the mother cell.

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Meiosis

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The process by which the full genetic material of a germ cell is divided amongst four daughter cells. Transforming a diploid cell into unique haploid cells.

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Haploid Cells

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Cells that have only one copy of each chromosome

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Diploid Cells

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Cells that have two copies of each chromosome (one copy is maternal, and the other one paternal)

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Homologous Chromosomes

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Chromosomes that are from different origins (maternal and paternal) but have the same structure.

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Metacentric

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The arms on either side of the chromosomes are equal in size.

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Acrocentric

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One arm is bigger than the other.

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Sister Chromatids

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Two copies of a chromosome attached together by a centromere

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Non-sister Chromatids

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Chromatids from different chromosomes of each homologous chromosomes.

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Tetrads

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Homologous chromosomes paired up next to each other

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Segregation

Back 22

The random facing of one of the chromosomes of homologous pairs to one pole, and the other one to another pole of the cell.

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Independent Assortment

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The arrangement of paternal and maternal copies for each homologous pair happens independently from other homologous pairs

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SEM

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Front 25

Chi-Square Equation

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Front 26

Plasmid

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Small circular piece of DNA that is independent from the bacterium's chromosome.

Front 27

Arabinose

Back 27

Sugar which will determine whether the GFP gene will e coded or not

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Ampicilin

Back 28

Antibiotic that prevents the growth of bacteria

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pGLO

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Engineered plasmid

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Synonymous Mutations

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Point mutation that leads to the encoding of the same amino acid as before

Front 31

Non-synonymous Mutations

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Point mutation that leads to the formation of a different amino acid

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Nonsense Mutation

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Point mutation that encondes for a stop codon.

Front 33

Population

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All members of the same specie that live in one location

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Gene Pool

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Various alleles of all the genes in all the individuals of a population

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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

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The genotype frequency of a population will not change from one generation to another.

Front 36

Phylogenetic Tree

Back 36

Diagram that demonstrate the evolutionary events throughout the years