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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cerebellum
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Integrates proprioceptive, visual and vestibular information during movement
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Hypothalamus
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Autonomic coordination, body temperature regulation, autonomic function
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spinal cord
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origin of spinal nerves/ the primary communication link between the body and the brain
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Gray Matter
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Contains nerves
sensory and motor nucleii gray commissures- center crossbridge area |
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White Matter (funiculi)
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Containing tracts
anterior, posterior, lateral funiculi Anterior white commissure Tract (fasciculus) |
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Three main enlargements
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Cervical/ Lumbar/ and maybe thoracic enlargement?
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2 branches of spinal nerves
and Dorsal root ganglia |
ventral root= motor
dorsal root =sensory root Dorsal root ganglia= sensory neurons |
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Mixed nerves
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Spinal nerves- carry both afferent(sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers
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Naming the Spinal Nerves
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Cervical= Are named for inferior vertebra
All others= named for superior vertebra |
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3 Meninges
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Dura mater, Arachnoid mater , Pia mater
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ascending and descending tracts
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ascending(left) come through the dorsal end and descending(right) come from center and are lower
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Nervous Tissue: Glia
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made of ependymal cells which line central canal and ventricals in brain.
squamous to columnar; some with cilia moves CSF barrier between CSF and interstitial fluuid |
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Nervous Tissue: Glia
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Schwann Cells (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) |
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microglia
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protection
phagocytizes microorganisms or neural debris |
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Type of glia: Astrocyte (CNS)
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-support
-guide neural migration -repair damaged neural tissue |
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Blood Brain Barrier
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exchange between capillaries and nerurons
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Wallerian Degeneration
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PNS nerve repair
Schwann cells Neurilema |
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Cerebrum
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conscious thought process, intellectural functions
memory storage and processing |
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Cerebral Cortex
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brain as a whole
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Folds in brain
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Dural Folds
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Arachnoid Mater
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Covers brain
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Pia Mater
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Anchored to brain by astrocytes
follows folds surrounds blood vesssls that enter brain |
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Speech Center
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Broca's area
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brain fibers
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arcuate fibers
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CNS
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brain & spinal cord
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PNS
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all other nerves including all cranial and spinal nerves
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afferent nerves
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sensory and towards the cns and or AWAY from the sensed site.
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efferent nerve
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motor and away from CNS and towards the affected muscle
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motor nerves may be part of the______nervous system or the ______nervous system
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somatic= voluntary
autonomic= involuntary |
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example of effector organ
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secretory glands
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Integration
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where the input is analyzed and a response is determined.
the response is the activation of an effector organ |
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Neuron
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functional unit of the nervous system
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cell body
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soma
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types of neurons
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afferent= away sensor
efferent= toward motor |
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neuron are NOT the same as nerves
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TRUE
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5 glial cells
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astrocytes, microglia, schwann cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
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satelite cells
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not impulse conducting cells
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Schwann cell funcion
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In the PNS and surround individual myelinated nerves and manufacture myelin
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nodes of ranvier
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region between the segments of myelin
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internodes
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regions between nodes
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sodium channel powered voltage gates are at the nodes in the internodes
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TRUE
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threshold
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action potential is reached with enough stimulus to break the threshold
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all or none principle
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all action potentials are alike but may come at differnt frequencies
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stronger stimul=
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more frequent action potentials
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2 factors in speed of nerve fibers
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fiber diameter and degree of myelination
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inter-neurons, also known as___
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association neurons
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Tracts
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bundles of nerve fibers in CNS
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Nerves are____
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bundles of fibers in PNS
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PNS
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all nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord
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fascicular arrangement of nerve fibers
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epineurium
perineurium endoneurium |
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nerve plexus
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cervical= 8 pairs
brachial= 12 pairs lumbar= 5 pairs sacral= 5 pairs coccygeal= 1 pair |
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Ventral ramus>Dorsal ramus
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TRUE
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sensory receptors (stimulus)
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mechano- many types
thermoreceptors- in skin photoreceptors- in retina chemoreceptors- taste buds nociceptors- pain |
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Sensory receptors (location)
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exteroceptors- outside
interoceptors- visceroceptors proprioceptors- in muscle and tendons |
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uncapsulated nerve endings (naked)
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merkel discs
root hair plexus dentritic nerve endings (naked endings) |
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encapsulated nerve endings
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pacinian corpuscle, deep touch
mucocutaneous corpuscle muscle spindle- proprioception |
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two kinds of reflex arcs
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somatic= activate skeletal muscle
autonomic= activate glands smooth and cardiac muscle |
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spinal reflexes
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occue without brain assistance but the brain is usually informed by interneurons. (patellar)
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reciprocal inhibition
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the inhibition of antagonist muscles so the reflex can occur
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stretch reflexes are____
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monosynaptic(sensory) and ipsilateral
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flexor reflex
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the "withdrawal" reflex (toes curl)
plantar reflex, known as babinskis sign- toes dont curl, imbalance in nervous system |
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CNS
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BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
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3 primary vesicles
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prosencephalon-forebrain, mesencephalon- midbrain and rhombencephalon- hindbrain
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adult brain structures
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cerebrum,
diencephalon(includes thalamus, hypothalamus and apithalamus) Brain stem: midbrain Brain stem: Pons Cerebellum Brain stem: medulla oblongata Spinal cord |
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convolutioins-
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gyri and sulci
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cerebral cortex
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40% brain mass
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Where is gray matter
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Cortex of the brain but the CENTRAL area of the spinal cord.
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GRAY MATTER CONTAINS INTERNEURONS
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TRUE
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Where is the White matter
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central areas of brain and White matter is composed manly of TRACTS which are the nerves of the CNS.
OUTER regions of spinal cord. |
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RIGHT IS LEFT AND LEFT IS RIGHT
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known as HOMUNCULUS
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Cortical areas having a known function are called DOMAINS
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TRUE
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The greatest known commissure is the____
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Corpus Callosum
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fiber groups that form the white matter of the cerebrum are___
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the basal nuclei or basal gangila
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referring to nuclei in a neurological context
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a group of nerve cell bodies found in gray matter
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diencephalon
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80% of diencephalon
Hypothalamus (below the thalamus) Pituitary gland on a stalk called the INFUNDIBULUM |
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hypothalamic functions___
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sleep wake cycles, hunger, body temperature, emotional responses, THE AUTONOMIC CONTROL CENTER
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Epithalamus
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pineal gland- secretes melatonin that induces sleep
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Choroid plexus
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a special set of capillaries that produce CSF caused by the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland
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brain stem=
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mid brain
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medulla oblongata
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breathing, HR< vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.
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cerebellum
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coordination
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two main divisions of the ANS
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sympathetic- thoracolumbar in distribution
parasympathetic cranial- sacral in distribution |
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Organs that are innervated by both ANS AND SNS are known to have
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Dual innervation
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brodmann areas
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the different lobes of the brain
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inside left and outside right areas of the brain are known as the____ areas
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motor and sensory areas
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CHAIN GANGLIA!!
WHAT IS MEANT BY PRE AND POST GANGLIONIC NEURONS? |
POST- INNERVATE SKIN, BLOOD VESSELS, SWEAT GLANDS, ARRECTOR PILI MUSCLES, ADIPOSE TISSUE
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adrenal medulla (inside of adrenal gland on top of kidney)
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epinepherine and norepinephrine
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adrenalin= epinephine, a neurotransmitter
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TRUE
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Sympatheic activation (fight or flight)
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increased alertness
energy and euphoria elevation in muscle tone mobilizaiton of energy reserves |
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stress in adrenal gland
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short term- increased hr, bp, dilation of bronchioles
long term- water retention, proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy |
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Neurottransmitters in SNS and PNS
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Cholinergic (Ach)
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Sympathetic neurotransmitters
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adrenergic (nore epinepherine or epinephrine)
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