Biology 220 : Chp 23

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has phloem, xylem, seeds and flowers, and sometimes fruits

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monocots and eudicots

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gymnosperms dont produce

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flowers and fruit

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phylum magnoliophyta

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your classmate tells you ferns dont produce flowers and so therefore dont reproduce sexually how would you explain to them why they are wrong

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f

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angio

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closed

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sperm

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seed

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angiosperms are plants with seeds

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contained within a srucutre ( carpel )

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flowers and fruits are distinctive

- angiosperms

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largest and most diverse phylum of the plant kingdom

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ovary develops into

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fruit

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ovules develop into

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seeds

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main purpose of flowers

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to attract pollinators, to support gametophyte production, to capture pollen, to protect reproductive structures

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shared derived features( allow to be successfull ) in angiosperms

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1. ovules inside a carpel; stigma present (structure where pollen germinates)

2. stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs

3. double fertilizaiton

4. phloem tissue composed of sieve tube members and companion cells

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double fertilization

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special fertilization unique to angiosperms

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habits hugely variable in angiosperms

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epiphytes, parasites, aquatic, herbs, shrubs, vines, trees

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angiosperm phylogeny 2 large classes

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1. magnoliopsida

2.liliopsida

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magnoliopsida

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dicots

- dna and cladistic evidence suggest that two roups of dicots should be recognized ( eudicots and magnoliids)

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liliopsida

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monocots

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mangoliids

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primitive magnoliopsida

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angiosperm sexual reproduction

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-heterosporous (both mega- and microsporangia)

-sporophytes dominant (makes up most of the plant)

-female gametophytes wholly enclosed within sporophyte tissue and reduced to only a few cells

-at maturity, male gametophytes consist of a germinated pollen grain with three nuclei

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mega

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female

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micro

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male

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moss is

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gametophyte dominant

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female gametophyte development

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1. diploid megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell) differentiates from all other cells in the ovule

- undergoes meiosis and produces from haploid megaspores

- three degenerate, one survives

2. integuments differntiate and eventually become the seed coat

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diploid megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell) differentiates from all other cells in the ovule

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undergoes meiosis and produces from haploid megaspores- three degenerate, one survives

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megasporocyte

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megaspore mother cell

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2 layers of

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integuments

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in female gametophyte

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integument differentiate and become seed coat

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megaspores in megasporangium protected by integuments in ovule which evolves to

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nuclei in megagametophyte in megasporangium with egg cell in center

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female gametophyte (megagametophyte) consists of a

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large sac containing 8 nuclei in 7 cells

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2 polar nuclei

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synerids and egg cell

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micropyle

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bottom of female gametophyte

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synergids

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surround egg on bottom side

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antipodals

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top side

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integuments

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layer arm thing

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polar nuclei

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nuclei in female gametophyte

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guide one sperm nucleus to the egg

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synergids

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2 polar nuclei + 1 sperm nuclus

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3n Endosperm

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male gametophyte development

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as megagametophyte is devleoping the microgametophytes develop in the anthers

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microgametophytes develop in anthers and within anther

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four patches of tissue differentiate from the main cell mass

- contain diploid microsporocyte cells which undergo meiosis and produce a quartet of microspores

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microspores with microgametophytes

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pollen grains

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after meiosis, haploid microspores in pollen sac undergo several change

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- nucleus in each microspore divides by mitosis

- two layered wall develops around each microspores

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male gametophyte development

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microspores divided into pollen grains with a tiny 2 celled microgametophyte

- tube cell, generative cell, and nuclei

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this grows into the pollen tube

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tube cell

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this divides into two sperm

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generative cell

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these occuur by mitosis

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tube cell and generative cell

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angiosperms are

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plants with seeds contained within a structure(carpel)

- flowers and fruits are distinctive

- largest and most diverse phylum of the plant kingdom

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shared derived features in angiosperms

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1. ovules inside carpel, stigma present( structure where pollen germinates)

2. stamens with two paris of pollen sacs

3. double fertilization

4. phloem tissue composed of sieve tube members and companion cells

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angiosperms diversity

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epiphytes, parasites, aquatic, herbs, shrubs, vines, trees

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phylogeny two classes

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magnoliopsida- dicots- eudicots and magnoliids

liliopsida- monocots

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angiosperm sexual reproduction

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hetersporous(both mega and microsporangia)

sporophytes dominant

female gametophyte wholly encosed within sporophyte tissue and reduced to only a few cells

at maturity, male gametophytes consist of a germinated pollen grain with three nuclei

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female gametophyte development

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diploid megasporocyte ( megaspore mother cell) differentiates from all other cells in the ovule

= undergoes meiosis and produces frou haploid megaspores

- one survives

- integuments become seed coat

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megametophyte consits of a

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large sac 8 nuclei in seven cells

- 2 polar nuclei, synergids and egg cell

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egg cell surounded by synergids, polar nuclei in middle of sac

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ya

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male gametophyte development

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as the megagametophyte is developing the microgametophytes develop in hte anthers

- 4 patches of tissue diffferntiate from the main cell mass

- contain diploid microsporocyte cells which undergo meiosis and produce a quartet of microspores

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microspores with microgametophytes

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pollen grain

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male gametophyte development

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after meiosis the haploid microspores in the pollen sacs undergo changes

- nucleus in each microspore divides by mitosis

- 2 layerd wall develops around each mirospore

- microspores divided into pollen grains with a tiny 2 cell microgametophyte

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pollination is the

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transfer of pollen grains form a anther to a stigma

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fertlization involves

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union of an egg and a sperm

- may not occur until later after pollination has taken place

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after pollination, development of male gametophyte may not take place unless pollen grain is-

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1. from a different individual of the same species

2. from same plant only under certain codnitions

- under sutiable conditions, pollen tube grows down between cells of the stigma and style until it reaches the ovule micropyle

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when pollen tube reaches the micropyle it

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goes to female gametophyte and discharges its contents

- double fertilization occurs

1. one sperm migrates to the egg and forms a zygote

2. other sperm cell unites with 2 polar cell nuclei producing a triploid endosperm (embryo food source)

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angiosperm seed coat

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3n

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flowering plants appeared

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late jurassic - 160 mil

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primitive flowers

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spirally arranged parts not fused together and variable in number

- regular and had many stamens and carpels

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in advanced flowers, the receptacle has fused to the ovary

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the receptacle has fused to the ovary

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when ovary is embedded in the receptacle it is

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inferior

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when ovary is produced on top of receptacle it is said to be

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superior

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flowers have tended to become

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irregular (bilateral)

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complete flowers

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all whorls

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perfect flowers

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all 4 whorls

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imperfect

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mission one or more whorls

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monoecious angiosperms have both

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male and female imperfect flowers

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dioecious angiosperms only have

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only male or female flowers

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pollinators have

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coevolved with plants

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bee polinated flowers

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fragreant and have nectar guides that are visible in uv light only

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moth and butterfly pollinated flowers

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sweet fragrances and nectar

- nectaries are at bottom of corolla tubes

- for proboscis

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night moths

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white or yellow flowers

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butterflies

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bright blue, yellow, orange flowers

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beetle pollinated flowers

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strong, yeasty, spicy, fruity odor

- white or dull

- some no nectar, but ppollen or food on petals

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fly pollinated flowers

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flies with short tongues

- smell like rotten meat

- dull red or brown

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long tongued flies pollinate

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sweet nectar producing flowers with ver long corolla tubes

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birds

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bright red or yellow, little if any odor

- large flowers

- copious amounts of nectar to assure repeated visits

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bats

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open only at night

- saguaro cactus

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herbarium

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a library of dried and pressed plants, algae, and or fungi arranged and accurately labeled

-300 + years

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magnoliopsida (eudicots)

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parts in 4 or 5

- triaperturate (3 pores)

- 2 cotledons

- netlike venation

- vascular bundles in stem in ring

-- has true secondary growth with vascular cambium

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liliopsida(monocots)

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- parts in 3

- monoaperturate

- one cotyledon

- parallel venation

- complex arangemnt of vascular bundles in stem

- no true secondary grwoth with vascular cambium