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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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The process in green plants which uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar glucose.
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CHLOROPHYLL
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A green pigment found in chloroplasts. Chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight for photosynthesis.
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CHLOROPLASTS
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An organelle found in some plant cells where photosynthesis takes place.
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STARCH
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A type of carbohydrate, plants produce starch to store the energy food they make by photosynthesis. Starch molecules are a long chain of glucose molecules.
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CARBOHYDRATE
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A natural chemical made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen and oxygen are present in the proportions as water. An example is glucose C6h12o6. Carbohydrates include sugars, starch and cellulose.
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CELLULOSE
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The chemical which makes up most of fibre in food, Humans can not digest cellulose.
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HETEROTROPH
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An organism which must eat other organisms for its source of organic compounds.
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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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A chemical which contains carbon in its molecular structure.
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AUTOTROPH
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An organism which produces its own organic compounds.
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OSMOTIC BALANCE
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If a cell contains too high a level of dissolved chemicals is too low, it will lose too much water by osmosis. When the cell has the correct level of dissolved chemicals, it is osmotic-ally balanced.
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LIMITING FACTOR
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The factor which prevents the rate of photosynthesis from increasing at a particular time. This may be light intensity, temperature, water availability and carbon dioxide concentrations.
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COMPENSATION POINT
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Respiration in a plant uses glucose, photosynthesis produces glucose in a plant at the same rate, there is no net gain or loss of glucose. This is the compensation point.
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CARBON CYCLE
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The cycling of the element carbon in the environment between the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. The element exists in different compounds in the spheres. It is mainly present as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
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PRODUCERS
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Organisms found at the start of the food chain. Producers are autotrophs able to make their own food.
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DECOMPOSES
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Organisms which feed on dead organisms. They break down the complex organic chemicals in their bodies, realizing nutrients back into the ecosystem to be used by other living organisms.
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PYRAMID OF NUMBERS
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A chart which shows the relative number of organisms at different levels in the food chain.
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TROPHIC LEVELS
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The different steps in the food chain.
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PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
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A chart which shows the relative mass at different levels in the food chain.
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CONSUMERS
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Organisms which eat others in a food chain. This is all the organisms in the food chain except the producers.
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MUTUALISM
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An association where both organisms seem to benefit.
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PARASITE
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An organism that lives in or on another organism.
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TAPEWORM
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A parasite which lives primarily in the gut of other organisms, such as humans.
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COMMENSALISM
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A relationship between two organisms of different species where one organism gains, and the other neither gains or loses from the relationship.
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HOST
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An organism who's body is inflicted with a parasite.
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MALARIA
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A disease caused by a protozoan called plasmodium.
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PROTOZOAN
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A type of single-celled organism
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SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
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A disease in which a large number of red blood cells are sickle cells are sickle shaped and cannot carry oxygen properally.
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HAEMOGLOBIN
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The protein molecule in red blood cells. Haemoglobin binds to the oxygen and carries it around the body. It also gives blood its red colour.
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SYMBIOSIS
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Literally meaning 'living together' its an association between two organisms.
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VECTOR
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A method transfer, they transfer genes from one organism to another.
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PLASMIDS
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Small circle of DNA found in bacteria, they are not part of a bacterium's main chromosome.
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GENETIC MODIFICATION (GM)
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Altering the characteristics of an organism by introducing the genes of another organism into its DNA.
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BACTERIOPHAGE
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A type of virus that affects bacteria.
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DE-OXYGENATED
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Blood in which the haemoglobin is not bound to oxygen molecules.
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FERMENTER
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A large vessel in which micro-organisms are grown to make a useful product.
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RENNIN
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An enzyme that acts as protein in milk; causing it to form solid clumps. Rennin is used in cheese-making. Over half the rennin produced for this is produced by GM yeast.
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HYPHAE
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A network of the fine threads which form the body of fungus.
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MULTICELLULAR DISEASE
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A disease caused by several different factors, including genetic and environmental factors.
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GENE PROBE
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A short piece of single-stranded DNA used in the genetic test. The gene probe has complementary bases to the allele which is being tested for.
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AUTO-RADIOGRAPHY
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Gene probes are often made using radioactive DNA bases. The radioactivity blackens x-ray film, which shows whether the gene probe has bound to the DNA probe or not.
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Plasma
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The clear straw-like fluid part of the blood that helps clot blood and carry useful substances.
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Circulatory system
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The heart and blood vessels. Transports useful chemicals and waste products around the body.
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Red blood cells
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Blood containing haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen so that it can be carried around the body by the blood stream.
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White blood cells
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Cells in the blood that fight micro-organisms.
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Oxyhaemoglobin
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This binds to oxygen molecules, it gives up its oxygen to body tissues as red blood cells are carried around the body.
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Blood transfusion.
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Transfer of blood from one person to another.
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Donor.
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A person who gives blood to another person
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ABO Blood type
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All people can be divided into four groups, depending on the antigens which are carried in their red blood cells. These may be type A, type B or both A and B or neither. The way of classifying people blood type is the ABO system.
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Recipient
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A person who receives blood prom another person.
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Universal recipient
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People who can receive blood of any type in a transfusion.
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Co-Dominant
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Some genes have two alleles which are neither dominant or recessive. If a person has a copy of both these alleles, they will both be expressed and show up in that person. These alleles are co-dominant.
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Atrium
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(Plural=atria) One of the upper chambers in the heart. The two atria pumps blood to the ventricle.
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Ventricle.
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One of the lower chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs. The left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body.
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Oxygenated
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Blood in which the haemoglobin is bound to oxygen molecules. (oxyhaemoglobin)
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Double circulation
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A circulatory system where the blood passes through the heart, twice for every complete circulation of the body.
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Valves.
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Flaps of tissue which act like one way gates, only letting blood flow in one direction around the body. Valves are found in the heart and veins.
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Capillary network
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Large numbers of narrow blood vessels which pass through each organ in the body. Capillaries receive blood from arteries and 'return' it to the veins. Capillary walls are only cell thick.
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Respiration
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A series of chemical reactions in cells which release energy for the cell to use.
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Anaerobic respiration
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Respiration which doesn't use oxygen. It leads to oxygen debt.
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Aerobic respiration
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Respiration which uses oxygen.
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Mitochondria
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An organelle in plant cells where respiration takes place.
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Gas exchange
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The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place in the lungs.
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Lactic acid.
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Waste product from anaerobic respiration in animals.
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Oxygen debt.
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After a period of anaerobic respiration the body uses oxygen to break down lactic acid. The amount of oxygen which is needed to do this is called oxygen debt.
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Ethanol
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Waste product from anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast.
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate - is a chemical used by living things to store and transfer energy during chemical reactions.
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Vertebrate
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An animal with a spinal column (back bone)
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Skeletal-muscular system
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All the bones and muscles which work together to move the body.
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Skeleton
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The bones that form a framework for the body. The skeleton supports and protects the internal organs, and provides a system of levers that allow the body to move. Some bones also make red blood cells.
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Joint
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A point where two or more bones meet.
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Ligament
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Tissue which joins two or more bones together.
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Cartilage.
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Tough, flexible tissue found at the end of the bone and in joint. it has a smooth surface. It protects the ends of the bones form rubbing together and causing damage.
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Tendon
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Tissue that joins muscle to bones.
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Synovial fluid.
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Fluid found in the cavity of the joint. The fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint, and prevents two bones from rubbing against each other.
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Antagonistic pair.
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Two muscles which work to move the same bone in opposite directions. E.G biceps and triceps.
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Sprain
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An injury where ligaments are located.
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Dislocation
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An injury where a bone is forced out of its joint.
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RICE
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Stands for: Rest, Ice, Compression and elevation. This is the treatment for a sprain.
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Systolic
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The blood pressure when the blood is pumped from left ventricle to the rest of the body.
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Diastolic
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The blood pressure when all parts of the heart muscle are relaxed and the heart is filling with blood.
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