Biology 202 Chapter 34 Vertebrates

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VERTEBRATE

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a chordate animal with a backbone: the mammals, reptiles (birds), amphibians, sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes and lobe-fins.

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CHORDATE

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member of the phylum chodata, animals that at some piont during thier development have a notochord; a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits or clefts; and a muscular post anal tail

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NOTOCHORD

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a longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs alongthe anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body

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PHARYNGEAL CLEFT

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in chordate embryos, one of the grooves that separate a series of pouches along the sides of hte pharynx and may develop into a pharyngeal slit

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PHARYNGEAL SLIT

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in chordate embryos, one fo the slits that form from the pharyngeal clefts and communicate to the outside, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates

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LANCELET

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member of the subphylum Cephalochordata, small blade-shaped marine chordates that lack a backbone

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TUNICATE

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member of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone

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CRANIATE

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a chordate with a head

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NEURAL CREST CELLS

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in vertebrates, groups of cells along the isdes of the neural tube where it pinches off from the ectoderm. The cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form pigment cells in the skin and parts of the skull, teeth, adrenal glands and PNS

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CONODONT

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an early, soft-bodied vertebrate with prominent eyes and dental elements

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GNATHOSTOME

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member of the vertebrate subgroup possessing jaws

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LATERAL LINE SYSTEM

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a mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units along the sides of the body in fish and aquatic amphibians; detects water movemetns made by the animal itself and by other moving objects

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PLACODERM

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a member of an extinct class of fish-like vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough outer armor

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ACANTHODIAN

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any group of ancient jawed aquatic vertebrates from the Devonian period

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CHONDRICTHYAN

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member of the class Chondricthyes, vertebrates with skeletons made mostly of cartilage, such as sharks and rays

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OVIPAROUS

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referring to a types of development in which young hatch from eggs laid outside the mothers body

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OVOVIPAROUS

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referring to a type of development in which young hatch from egss that are retained in the mother's uterus

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VIVIPAROUS

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referring to a type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta

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CLOACA

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a common opening for the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts found in many nonmammalian vertebrates but in few mammals

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OSTEICHTHYAN

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members of a vertebrate subgroup with jaws and mostly bony skeletons

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OPERCULUM

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in aquatic, osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills

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SWIM BLADDER

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in aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to controll its buyancy in the water

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RAY-FINNED FISH

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members of the class Actinopterygii, aquatic osteichtyans with fins supported by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass and herring

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LOBE-FIN

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member of the vertebrate subgroup Sarcopterygii, osteichthyans with rod-shaped muscular fins, including coelacanths and lung fishes as well as the lineage that gave rise to tetrapods

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TETRAPOD

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a vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; tetrapods include mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles

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AMPHIBIAN

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member of the tetrapod class Amphibia, including salamanders, frogs and caecilians

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AMNIOTIC EGG

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a shelled egg in which an embryo develops with a fluid-filled amniotic sac and is nourished by yolk; produced by reptiles and egg-laying mammals, it enables them to complete their life cycles on dry land

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AMNIOTE

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member of a clade of tetrapods named for a key derived character, the amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including the fluid-filled amnion, that protect the embryo; amniotes include mammals as well as birds and other reptiles

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REPTILE

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member of the clade of amniotes that includes tuataras, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians and birds

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ECTOTHERMIC

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referring to organisms for which external sources provided most of the heat for temperature regulation

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ENDOTHERMIC

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referring to organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. This heat is usually used to maintain a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment

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PARAREPTILE

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first major group of reptiles to emerge, consisting mostly of large, stocky quadrupedal herbivores; died out in the late triassic period

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DIAPSID

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member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull; Diapsids include lepidosaurs and archosaurs

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LEPIDOSAUR

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member of the reptlilian group that includes lizards, snakes and two species of New Zealand anmials called tuataras

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ARCHOSAUR

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member of the reptilian group that includes crocidiles, alligators, dinosaurs and birds

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PTEROSAUR

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winged reptile that lived during the Mesozoic era

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DINOSAUR

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member of an extremely diverse clade of reptiles varrying in body shape, size and habitat; birds are the only extant dinosaurs

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THEROPOD

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member of an ancient group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores

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RATITE

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member of the group of flightless birds