Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are Fungi?
|
-No Chlorophyll
-No Macrmolecules from CO2 -Mostly complex multicellular -Break down organic compounds (Saprobes) -Almost all plants have a symbiotic relations |
|
|
Form and Function of Fungi
|
-Single-Cell (yeast)
-Multicellular fungi include hyphae, mycelium, and chitin -exist mainly underground -largest living organism |
|
|
Hyphae
|
tubular cell walls surrounding the plasma membrane and cytoplasm of the cells
|
|
|
Mycelium
|
fungal hypahe interwoven mass that surrounds and inflitrates the material on which the fungus feeds
|
|
|
Septate
|
generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell
|
|
|
Coenocytic
|
consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass containing hundreds or thousands of nuclei
(similar to slime molds) |
|
|
Nutrition of Fungi
|
-Fungus-trap: ringlike structures that hook prey (Nematode)
-Hyphaes digest prey and inject digestive enzymes -Haustoria can be parasitic or mutualistic (mycorrhizae) |
|
|
Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
|
form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of a root and also grow into the extracellular spaces of the root cortex
|
|
|
Endomycorrhizal Fungi
|
extend their hypahe through the root cell wall and into the tubes formed by invagination
|
|
|
Asexual Reproduction of Fungi
|
-Produce large portions of spores
-Molds grow rapidly as mycelia and produce spores but can reproduce sexually -Yeasts 'bud' and can also grow filamentous mycelia (no known sexual stage) |
|
|
Sexual Reproduction of Fungi
|
-Mostly haploid cells (sporangium) and only diploid throughout the sexual life cycle
-Pheromones are released, plasmogamy (cytoplasm fusion), heterokaryon (nucleic fusion), two haploids pair off (dikaryotic), then the two haploid cells fuse to make a diploid cell (karyogamy), meiosis restores diploid position |
|
|
Evolutionary Relationships with Plants
|
-Members of same clade as plants and animals (Opisthokonts)
-Facilitated plant movement to land - Earliest fossils (plants) have mycorrhizae -1.5 BYA shared flagellated single cell ancestor |
|
|
Chytridiomycota (Chytrids)
|
-Inhabit lakes and soil
-Saprobes, parasites -diverged earliest in fungal evolution -Chitin cell walls -Zoospores (flagellated spores) held within sporangium -750 species |
|
|
Zygomycota
|
-About 1000 known
-fast growing molds associated with fruits -Parasites, Saprobes, or symbionts -Horizontal hyphae spread out over food, penetrate it and absorb it. -Septa and Coencytic found in reproductive areas -Asexual reporduction (black bulbous sporangia) -Pilobolus aim sporangia -Plasmogoamy produces zygosporangium |
|
|
Ascomycota
|
-32,000 species
-Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial -sexual spores produced in asci (sac fungi) -bear sexual stages in ascocarps (fruiting bodies) -important saporbes and have symbiotic relationship with green algae and cyanobacteria -Conidia (asexual spores) |
|
|
Basidiomycota
|
-30000 species
-Molds and plant parasites (rusts and smuts) -Club Fungus -best at decomposing lignin -reproduce sexually with basidiocarps that produce basidiospores -Exist as mycelia most of their lives -Basidiospores produce on the gills of the basidio cap |
|
|
Ecology
|
-Decomposers, symbionts, pathogens, economics
-Symbionts: Leaf cutter ant -Lichen: mutualism between fungus (mycobiont) and algae (phytobiont) |
|
|
Lichen
|
-get food from photobiont
-each fungus/alga combination yeilds unique form -can grow separately (rare) -asexual -withstand desiccation but not pollution |
|
|
Pathogens
|
-Plant parasites
-mycosis |
|
|
Economics
|
-pencillium and antibiotics
-cheese -dyes |
|
|
Algae and Plant
|
-Charophyceans are the closest relatives to plants
-Cell walls made of cellulose -Chlorophyll a & b -Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis, peroxisome enzymes, structure of flagellated sperm, formation of phragmoplast |
|
|
Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
|
arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane that synthesize the cellulose microfibrils of the cell wall
|
|
|
Peroxisome Enzymes
|
enzymes that help minimize the loss of organic products as a result of photorespiration
|
|
|
Formation of a phragmoplast
|
the synthesis of new cross-walls during cell division involves the formation of an alignment of cytoskeletal elements and golgi-derived vesicles across the midline of the dividing cell
|
|
|
Terrestrial Adaptations
|
-Cuticle-epidermal polymers that act as waterproofing
-Sporopollenin (a durable polymer that prevents zygotes from drying out -Provides pollen grains with species specific morphology |
|
|
Five Key Plant Traits
|
-Apical Meristems
-alternation of generations -walled spores produced in sporangia -multicellular gametangia -multicellular, dependent embryos |
|
|
Apical Mersitem
|
localized regions of the cell division at the tips of shoots and roots
|
|
|
Alteration of Generations
|
the life cycles of all land plants alternate between two different mulitcellular bodies, with each form producing each other
|
|
|
Sporangia
|
muliticellular organs that produce plant spores. Contain diploid cells called sporocytes
|
|
|
Multicellular Gametangia
|
the archcegonia (vase shaped organ that produces a single egg retained within the base of the organ) and the antheridia which produce and release sperm into the environment
|
|
|
Placental transfer cells
|
sometimes present in the adjacent maternal tissue as well which enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo through elaborate ingrowths of the wall surface
|
|
|
Bryophytes
|
-Gametophyte is the dominant stage
-Anteridia and Archegonia present -SPorophyte grows from Archegonium -Dependent on water for reproduction -lack of vascular tissue limits size -Liverworts, hornworts, and mosses |
|
|
Protonema
|
germinating moss spores characteristically produce a mass of green, branched, one-cell thick filaments
|
|
|
Rhizoids
|
anchors for mosses that are long, tubular single cells or filaments of cells that are not composed of tissues and do not play a primary role in absorption of minerals and water
|
|
|
Foot, Seta, and Capsule
|
Foot: absorbs nutrients from gametophyte
Seta: or stalk conducts these materials to the sporangium Capsule: Sporangium |
|
|
What are vascular plants?
|
-Vascular tissue-cells from tubes to transport H2O and nutrients
-Xylem -Phloem -Alternative size constraints -Roots -Leaves -Sporphylls (modified leaves that bear sporangia) |
|
|
Xylem
|
conducts most of teh water and minerals; includes tracheids that are tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from roots
|
|
|
Life Cycles of Vascular Plants
|
the sporophyte (diploid) generation is the larger and more complex plant in the alternation of generations
|
|
|
Phloem
|
living sugar-conducting cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products; cells are strengthened by the phenolic polymer lignin
|
|
|
Mircrophylls
|
small usually spine-shaped leaves with a single vein
|
|
|
Megaphylls
|
Leaves with highly branched vascular system.
|
|
|
Seedless Plants
|
Lycophytes: club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts (contain strobili)
Pterophytes: ferns, horsetails, wiskferns |
|
|
Sporophylls
|
Modified leaves that bear sporangia
Sori: fern sporophylls that produce clusters usually on the undersides of the sporophylls Strobili: in lycophytes and in most gymnosperms, groups of sporophylls form cones |
|
|
Pollen
|
Integuments: envelop and protect the megasporangium (ovule)
Pollen: contains the male gametophytes |
|
|
Gymnosperms
|
-'naked' seeds that are not enclosed in ovaries
-have strobili -cone bearing plants (conifers) -evolved from progymnosperms (seedless vascular plants) |
|
|
Three Key reproductive adaptations of Gymnosperms
|
-the increasing dominance of the sporophyte generation
-the advent of the seed as a resistant, dispersible stage in the life cycle -the evolution of pollen as an airborne agent |
|
|
Angiosperms
|
-Seed plants teh produce reporductive structures (flowers and fruits)
-contain sepals, petals, stamens filaments, anther, carpel, stigma, style, and ovary |
|
|
Male organs of Angiosperms
|
-Anther: pollen produced here
-Filaments: stalk leading to the anther |
|
|
Female organs of Angiosperms
|
Stigma: sticky tip of the carpel that receives pollen
Style: leads to the ovary Ovary: contains one or more ovules |
|
|
Fruiting Bodies
|
-pericarp: thickened wall of the fruit
|
|
|
What are Animals?
|
-Animals: Heterotrophic eukaryotes (internal digestion)
-Multicellular -Unique tissues: muscle and nervous -lack cell walls -Structural support provided by collagen -tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes |
|
|
Cambrian Explosion
|
-Increase in atmospheric O2
-Diversfying selection (new predator-prey interactions) -Hox Genes |
|
|
Animal Development
|
-Zygote undergoes cleavage: forms hollow ball (blastula)
-Blastula then develops into gastrula -Lining of gastrula: endoderm, exterior cells, exoderm |
|
|
Hox Genes
|
-Development of body plan depends on regulatory genes
-Highly conserved across all animals -Gene duplications provide greater anatomical complexity -Small mutation lead to big changes in form |
|
|
Symmetry
|
Radial Symmetry: cut in half
Bilateral Symmetry: one way to cut animal |
|
|
Body Cavities
|
Coelom: a fluid filled cavity separated digestive tract from wall and surrounded by mesoderm.
Protostome and Deuterostom(cnidarians and chordates) |
|
|
Parazoa
|
-Porifera are assymetrical, no true tissue, body is a sac with pores
-Suspension feeders -Hermaphroditic -Spicules (calcium carbonate or silica) -cell types: choanocytes, porocytes, epidermic, amoebocytes -2 cell layers separated by gelatinous mesohyl |
|
|
Cnidaria
|
-Polyp and medusa
-Gastrovascular Cavity -Diploblastic -Radial symmetry -Cnidos: stnging nettle -Carnivorous -Coral |
|
|
Ctenophora
|
-Comb Jellies
-Eight combs radially arranged |
|
|
Platyhelminthes
|
-Turbellaria, Mongenea, Trematoda, Cestoda
-Flat Worms -Incomplete gut -No circulatory system -Hermaphoditic -bilateral, triblastic, acoelmate |
|
|
Turbellaria
|
-Marine flat worms
-Sexual conflict (penis fencing) |
|
|
Monogenea and Trematoda
|
-Parasites
-Suckers attach to internal organs -Mongenea: fish ecto-parasites |
|
|
Cestoda
|
-Parasites (mostly vertebrates)
-Scolex attaches to intestinal lining -Each segment termed a porglottid (house sex organs) -Nutrients absorbed over body length |
|
|
Rotifera
|
-Ailmentary canal (separate mouth and anus)
-Most aquatic ans free-living -corona-ciliated discs (used for feeding) -Parthengenetic (produce non-feeding males) |
|
|
Nematoda
|
-Round worms (nonsegmented)
-Tough outter cuticle -muscles cords are longitudinal -dioecious with internal fertilization -some are parasitic -complete gut -no circulatory system |
|
|
Nemertea
|
-Proboscis or ribbon worms
-Probiscis shoots out to capture prey -1mm-3mm depending on species -similiar to flat worms |
|
|
Mullusca
|
-Polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalva, cephalopoda
-snails, clams, octopi -Body plan contains 3 parts: foot, visceral mass, and mantle -Many sp secrete CaCO3 shell from mantle -Radula -Range of cephalization and nervous system |
|
|
Torsion in Gastropoda
|
-Visceral mass rotated up to 180 degrees; the anus and mantle cavity flipped to be abve the head in adults.
-have spiraled shell |
|
|
Urochordata
|
-Tunicates: 'Sea Squirts'
-sessile adults -filter feeders -all 4 chordate characteristics only displayed in larval stage |
|
|
Cephalochordata
|
-'Lancelets' translucent fish-like
-use cilia to filter feed -adults have all 4 chordate characters |
|
|
Vertebra 'Craniates"
|
-'Hag fish' (not a fish)
-Cartilaginous skull -lack jaws and vertebrates -hox gene duplication -produce slime |
|
|
Annelids
|
-segmented worms 'little rings'
-Sea, freshwater, and damp soil -Oligochaetes: bristles, contain chitin -Polychaeta: Marine, well developed head, tube dwelling and free living -Hirundinea: flattened body, reduced coelem and segmentation |
|
|
Anthropoda
|
-Hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages
-open circulatory system |
