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399 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What transduce physical and chemical stimuli into neuronal signals?
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Sensory Cells
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What can detect a specific stimulus?
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Receptor Proteins
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What opens and closes ion channels in the membrane, changing the resting potential?
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Receptor Proteins
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What transduce energy of a stimulus into a change in membrane potential?
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Sensory Receptor Cells
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What is a general action potentials in the receptor cell, or causes release of a neurotransmitter?
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Receptor Potential
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Receptor proteins that bind various ligands; responsible for taste and smell? They also monitor internal environment, such as CO2 levels in blood.
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Chemoreceptors
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Chemical signals used by insects to attract bugs?
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Pheromones
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Female silkworms release bombykol. Male has receptors for bombykol on the antennae this is an example of?
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Pheromones
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What is the sense of smell?
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Olfaction
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What are embedded in the epithelial tissue at top of nasal cavity (in vertebrates)?
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Olfactory Sensors
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What extend to the olfactory bulb in the brain, dendrites end in olfactory hairs on the nasal epithelium?
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Axons
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What is a pheromone that can sync menstral cycles of women?
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(VNO) Vomeronasal Organ
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Paired tubule structure embedded in the nasal epithelium with chemoreceptors in walls. Information goes to an accessory olfactory bulb.
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Vomeronasal Organ
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Snakes smelling with their tongues by the use of?
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VNO that opens to roof of mouth
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What is the sense of taste?
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Gustation
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What is a cluster of chemoreceptors?
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Taste Buds
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Human taste buds are embedded in the tongue epithelium, on the?
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Papillae
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Sensory cells that respond to mechanical forces?
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Mechanoreceptors
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What causes ion channels to open, this changes membrane potential and leads to action potential?
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Physical Distortion of The Plasma Membrane
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What sense pain, itch, and temperature?
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Free Nerve Endings
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What senses touch, pressure?
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Ruffini Ending
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What sense touch?
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Merkel's Discs
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What senses sensitive touch?
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Meissner's Corpuscle
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What senses pressure?
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Pacinian Corpuscle
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Mechanoreceptors in muscle cells?
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Muscle Spindles
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Stretch receptors?
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Muscle Cells
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When muscle is stretched, action potentials are generated in?
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Neuron
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What adjusts strength of contraction to match load on muscles?
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CNS
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What use mechanoreceptors to convert pressure waves to receptor potentials?
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Auditory Systems
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What collects sound waves and direct them to the auditory canal?
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Pinnae
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What covers the end of the auditory canal and vibrates in response to pressure waves?
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Tympanic Membrane
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What part of the ear has an air filled cavity?
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Middle Ear
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What equilibrates air pressure between middle ear and the outside?
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Eustachian Tube
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Malleus, incus, stapes: Transmit vibrations of tympanic membrane to the oval window?
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Ossicles
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What translate vibration of tympanic membrane to smaller movement but greater force at the smaller oval window?
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Ossicles
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The movement of what is translated into pressure changes in the fluid filled inner ear?
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Oval Window
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Tapered and coiled chamber composed of three parallel canals separated by two membranes? Is located in the inner ear.
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Cochlea
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The two membranes that separate the three parallel canals?
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1) Reissner's Membrane
2) Basilar Membrane |
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What sits on the basilar membrane?
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Organ of Corti
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Transduces pressure waves into action potentials?
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Basilar Membrane
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Sensitivity to light?
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Photosensitivity
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A range of animal species from simple to complex can sense and respond to light?
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Photosensitivity
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Pigments used in photosensitivity?
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Rhodopsins
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A type of vertebrate photoreceptor that release neurotransmitters from base of cell that synapses with a neuron? The outer segment is a stack of plasma membrane discs packed with rhodospin.
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Rod Cell
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Vertebrates and cephalopod mollusks have forming eyes?
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Image
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Tough connective tissue, becomes transparent cornea on front?
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Sclera
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Controls the amount of light reaching photoreceptors; opening is the pupil?
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Iris
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The opening of the eye?
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Pupil
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Crystalline protein; focuses image allows accommodation; changes shape?
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Lens
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Photoreceptor layer?
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Retina
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What consist of rod cells and cone cells?
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Vertebrate Photoreceptors
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Area where cone cell density is highest?
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Fovea
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What have low sensitivity to light?
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Cone Cells
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What are responsible for night vision?
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Rod Cells
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Humans have three types of? with slightly different opsin molecules; they absorb different wave lengths of light
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Cone Cell
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What has five layers of cells?
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Retina
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Light must pass through all the layers of the retina before it is captured by?
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Rhodospin
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Light not captured by the retina is absorbed by a layer of?
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Pigmented Epithelial Cells
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What shed disks from photoreceptor cells?
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Phagocytose
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Motion/ Repsonse
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Effectors
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Contractile fibers only?
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Contract
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Antagonistic pairs =?
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Work In Pairs
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What supports the muscular system?
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The Skeletal System
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What are the three skeleton types?
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1) Hydro Skeleton
2) Exoskeleton 3) Endoskeleton |
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A fluid filled volume, with 2 muscle layers circular muscle and longitudinal muscle
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Hydro Skeleton
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Arthropods: armor and muscles attached to the inside of skeleton, gastropods, sea cucumbers, and sea stars?
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Exoskeleton
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(Humans) two main composites- axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton?
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Endoskeleton
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Includes the cranium, vertebrae, ribs, and (pelvis)?
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Axial Skeleton
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Includes the arms, legs, and (pelvis)
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Appendicular Skeleton
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What = living tissue?
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Bones
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Bone store?, and releases it when need
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CaCO3
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Where are blood cells made?
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In Marrow
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A disease caused by absorbing less calcium from food? Makes you prone to fractures.
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Osteoporosis
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Form where bones meet?
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Joints
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Where do some joints fuse?
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Skull
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What stop bones from rubbing each other and allow for mobility?
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Pads of Cartilage
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Vertebrates are an example of?
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Cartilage
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When the cartilage pad slips up next to the spinal cord, they rub together, and fuse vertebrae together?
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Slipped Disks
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What hold bones in place?
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Ligaments
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What hold muscle to bone?
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Tendons
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What are the three types of muscles?
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1) Skeletal Muscle
2) Smooth Muscle 3) Cardiac Muscle |
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What is contractile that work in antagonistic pairs and consist of flexors and sensors?
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Muscles
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(Striated or stripped muscle), the most abundant muscle, voluntary movement controlled?
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Skeletal Muscle
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Guts and intestine are made of?
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Smooth Muscle
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Involuntary (works on own) and are circular and longitudinal?
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Smooth Muscle
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Mix of striated and smooth muscles, involuntary (Works on own)?
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Cardiac Muscle
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A muscle fiber is a?
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Single Cell
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Where muscle fibers contract?
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Myofibrils
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A cross section of myofibrils?
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Sacromere
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Thin filaments in muscle?
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Zlines
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Is anchored to zlines in muscle?
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Actin
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Thick filaments in muscle?
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Myocin
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Network of tubules surrounding myofibrils =?
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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The sarcoplasmic reticulum is full of?
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Calcium
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What block binding cites?
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Tropomyosin
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What does the action potential release that bind to receptors?
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Acetylcholine
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The release of acetylcholine tells what to release calcium?
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Sarc. Reticulum
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Calcium binds to what during a muscle contraction?
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Troponin
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What pulls away from the binding site during a muscle contraction?
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Tropomyosin
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A strong bond that requires ATP to break it?
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Actin + Myosin
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Rigor Mortis?
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Is an example of the breaking of the strong bond between Actin and Myosin requires ATP to break the bond
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The contraction of sarcomere is an?
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All or Nothing Response
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To regulate muscles contraction the body can?
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Regulate the number that contact and the frequency of contractions
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When the muscles have too much contraction and not enough time to replenish ATP and no O2 to enough of the body =?
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Cramps
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Nutrients, gasses, waste?
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Circulation
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What have a gastrovascular cavity?
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Cnidaria
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The heart system in insects, crustaceans, and mollusks?
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Open Circulatory System
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When blood stays inside vessels, that consist of a heart, arteries, arterioles, veins, veinules, and capillaries?
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Closed Circulatory System
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Site of exchange of food, waste, and gasses?
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Capillaries
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A pump that keeps up with blood pressure?
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Heart
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Where is blood pressure lost?
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Capillaries
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What equal little blood flow?
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White Muscle
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How many chambers does a fish heart have?
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2
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What is the main part of the heart?
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Ventricle
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How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?
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3
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How many chambers do mammals and birds hearts have?
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4
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How does blood flow through the heart?
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Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Right Ventricle (Produces Most of the Pressure) -> Pulmonary Artery (adds O2 and releases CO2) -> Pulmonary Vein -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Aorta -> Systemic Circulation -> (Releases O2 and Adds CO2) -> Restarts
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What is the number one killer in the United States?
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Plack Build Up in Coronary Arteries Caused by Cholesterol and Inflammation
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Chest Pains?
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Angina
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What is the medical treatment for a clogged artery?
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Coronary Bypass
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When die is injected into the body to show the blood flow under x-ray machine?
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Angiogram
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What grows new arteries?
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Angiogenesis
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Treat bacterial infections that cause inflammation like chlamydia?
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Antibiotics
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How many times a minute does the heart beat and what is the purpose?
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60- 75 Beats/Minute, Keeps Up Blood Pressure To Force Blood Through the Body
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When the heart contracts?
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Systolic
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When the heart relaxes?
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Diastolic
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What is the average blood pressure?
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120/80
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What tells heart when it needs to beat?
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Sino Atrial Node
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Where is the Sino Atrial Node located?
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Right Atrium
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What checks how the heart is beating?
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Electrocardiogram (ECG)
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What is similar to capillaries in terms of strength, starts in the capillary beds -> tubes coalesce -> and then empties into the vena cava.
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Lymph System
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What absorbs tissue in the lymph system?
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Capillary Beds
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What are also drawn into the lymph system?
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Pathogens and White Blood Cells
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Where do Pathogens accumulate?
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In the Lymph Nodes
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Cells + Plasma (fluid) =?
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Blood
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What does Plasma consist of?
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Water, Salts (electrolytes), Plasma Proteins, and Dissolved Nutrients, Wastes, and Gasses
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Plasma proteins consist of?
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Antibodies and Fibrinogens
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What act like glue when there's a cut (clotting)
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Fibrinogens
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Blood cells consist of?
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Red and White Blood Cells
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Their is a smaller amount of what type of cells?
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Red Blood Cells
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Their is a larger amount of what type of cells?
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White Blood Cells
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Tiny, are round in shape, high surface are relative to volume, carry O2, no nucleus, no mitochondria?
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Red Blood Cells
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What type of blood cells carry Oxygen?
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Red Blood Cells
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Dark hemoglobin's vs. Bright hemoglobin's?
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-Dark Hemoglobin's- no oxygen so appear dark red/ blueish
- Bright Hemoglobin's- have oxygen appear bright red |
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How many sub unites are in hemoglobin's ?
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4
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Each subunit can pick up? It is also reversible.
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4 Molecules of Oxygen
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When Co forms an unreversible bond with hemoglobin's?
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Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
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Where and how often are red blood cells made?
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Made In Bone Marrow Every 3-4 Months
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Where are blood cells destroyed and recycled? Dependent on iron.
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Liver and Spleen
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In women anemia is caused by? How can it be treated?
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Low Iron and Low Hemoglobin's, Vitamins
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Pathogen fighter, made in bone marrow, travel in blood and lymph system to lymph nodes, Attack Pathogens?
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White Blood Cells
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Where are white blood cells made?
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Bone Marrow
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How do white blood vessels travel?
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In Blood and Lymph System
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Where do white blood cells travel to?
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Lymph Nodes
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White blood cells attack?
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Pathogens
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Tiny fragments of cells, 2-3 mm, work with fibrinogen to clot/ repair breaks in vessels?
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Platelets
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People who don't make fibrinogen so their blood doesn't clot?
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Hemophiliacs
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Platelets work with fibrinogen to clot/ repair?
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Breaks In Blood Vessels
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Gas exchange?
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O2 In and CO2 Out
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How much O2 does water hold?
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15 PPM O2
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Hot water holds? Leads to?
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Less O2, Leads To Many Fish Dying Because They Suffocate
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How much of air is made up of O2?
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20%
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What counter current exchange?
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Bio Mechanical Organization
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Water moves from?
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Place Of High Concentration To Low Concentration
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Air taken in from the mouth/ nose goes where?
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-> Passes Across Turbinate Bones -> Moisten Air, Save Moisture Heat Air -> Endotherm
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What is surrounded by rings of cartilage?
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Trachea
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What leads to the lungs?
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Bronchi
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What control what is breathed in?
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Alveoli Surrounded By Cartilage
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Gas exchange, lined with cilia, produce mucus, detoxify substances, control what is breathed in and filters other things out?
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Alveoli
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Alveoli are lined with?
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Cilia
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What detoxifies substances?
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Alveoli
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What produces mucus?
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Alveoli
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What controls what is breathed in and filters other things out?
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Alveoli
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What breaks apart toxins? - Inducible Enzymes
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Cytochrome P450's
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What paralyze cilia inside alveoli (tar covers them over time) and induces P450's
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Cigarettes
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What physical Physical Factors Govern Respiratory Gas Exchange?
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Lower O2 In Tissue Then In Blood
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What adaptations maximize respiratory gas exchange?
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Bonds weaken at a lower pH
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O2 and CO2 are respiratory gases exchanged by diffusion along their?
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Concentration Gradient
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The concentration of gas in a mixture?
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Concentration
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The barometric pressure: Atmospheric pressure at sea level?
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760 mm Hg
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What is the partial pressure of O2?
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159 mm Hg
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Oxygen is easier to obtain from the air than?
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Water
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O2 content of air is higher than that of?
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Water
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O2 diffuses much faster through?
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Air
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What must be moved by the animal over its gas exchange surfaces; require more energy to move?
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Air and Water, Water Than Air
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What diffuses out of the body as O2 diffuses in?
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CO2
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The concentration gradient of CO2 from air- breathers to the environment is always?
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Large
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What is very soluble in water and is easy for aquatic animals to exchange?
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CO2
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Some respiratory systems have adaptations to maximize the exchange of?
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O2 and CO2
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Adaptations to maximize exchange of O2 and CO2
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1) Increased Surface Area
2) Maximized Partial Pressure Gradient 3) Minimized Diffusion Path Length |
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Surface Area is increased by?
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External Gills, Internal Gills, Lungs, and Trachea
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What minimize the diffusion path length of O2 and CO2 in water?
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External Gills
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What are protected from predators and damage?
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Internal Gills
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Internal cavities for respiratory gas exchange with air?
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Lungs
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Air filled tubes in insects?
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Trachea
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Partial pressure gradients are increased by?
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Minimization of the diffusion path length, Ventilation, and Perfusion
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The active moving of the respiratory medium over the gas exchange surface?
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Ventilation
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Circulating blood over the gas exchange surface?
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Perfusion
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What is made up of gas exchange surfaces and mechanisms for ventilation and perfusion of those surface?
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Gas Exchange System
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What type of system do insects have?
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Tracheal
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In the abdomen what open to allow gas exchange and close to limit water loss?
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Spiracles
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Spiracle open into?
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Trachea
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Trachea branch to?
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Tracheoles
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Tracheoles end in?
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Air Capillaries
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What do fish gills use to maximize gas exchange?
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Countercurrent Flow
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Gills are supported by?
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Gill Arches
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Gill arches lie between?
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The Mouth and Opercular Flaps
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How does water flow into the mouth, over the gills, and out from under the opercular flaps?
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Unidirectionally
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Ventilation in lungs?
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Tidal
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Air flows in and out by the same path?
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Tidal
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The amount of air that moves in and out per breath
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Tidal Volume
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At rest air is measure by?
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Spirometer
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Additional amounts of air that we can inhale or exhale?
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Inspiratory and Expiratory Reserve
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Air enters the human lung through the oral cavity or nasal passage via?
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Trachea
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The trachea branches into two?
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Bronchi
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The site of gas exchange?
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Alveoli
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What type of lungs produce two secretions that affect ventilation?
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Mammalian
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What two secretions do mammalian lungs produce that affect ventilation?
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Mucus and Surfactant
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What lines the airways and captures dirt and microorganisms?
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Mucus
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A group of cells with cilia that sweep the mucus and particles out of the airways?
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Mucus Escalator
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What reduces the surface tension of a liquid?
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Surfactant
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A surfactant reduces the?
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Surface Tension of Liquid
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The fluid covering the alveoli has surface tension that makes?
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Lungs Elastic
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What is released by cells in the alveoli when they are stretched- less force is needed to inflate the lungs?
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Lung Surfactant
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Premature babies may not have developed the ability to make?
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Lung Surfactant
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When a baby cant produce lung surfactant and has great difficulty breathing is called?
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Respiratory Distress Syndrome
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Human lungs are inside the right and left?
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Thoracic Cavity
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A sheet of muscle at the bottom of the cavities?
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Diaphragm
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Line each cavity and covers each lung, and encloses the pleural space?
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Pleural Membrane
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The pleural membrane encloses the?
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Pleural Space
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Contains fluid to help the membranes slide past each other during breathing?
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Pleural Space
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Created in the pleural space when the volume increases in the thoracic cavity?
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Negative Pressure
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The slight negative pressure present in between breaths keep?
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Alveoli Inflated
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Inhalation begins when?
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The Diaphragm Contracts
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The diaphragm pulls down on the?
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Thoracic Cavity and On the Pleural Membranes
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What is the process of the lungs expanding?
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The Pleural Membranes Pull On the Lungs, Air Enters Through the Trachea, and the Lungs Expand
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Exhalation begins when the?
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Diaphragm Stops Contracting and Relaxes
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What is the process of the lungs releasing air?
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The Elastic Lung Tissues Pull the Diaphragm Back Up and Push Air Out Of the Airways
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Located between ribs, can also change the volume of the thoracic cavity?
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Intercostal Muscles
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Lift the ribs up and outward, expanding the cavity?
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External Intercostal Muscles
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Decrease the volume by pulling the ribs down and inward?
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Internal Intercostal Muscles
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Respiratory gases are transported in?
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Blood
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Blood contains molecules that bind reversibly to?
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O2
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Blood contains molecules that bind reversibly to O2, depends on its?
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Partial Pressure
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What is picked up where its partial pressure is high and is released where the partial pressure is lower?
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O2
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A protein with four polypeptide subunits?
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Hemoglobin
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Each polypeptide surrounds a?
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Heme Group
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A heme group can bind a molecule of?
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O2
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Hemoglobin will pick up or release O2 depending on what in the environment?
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Phosphate
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Where is phosphate of the plasma high?
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Lungs
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If phosphate of the plasma is high, as in the lungs, hemoglobin will?
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Pick Up Its Maximum Of Four O2 Molecules
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As blood circulates through tissues with lower phosphate, hemoglobin will release?
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O2
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CO2 is transported away from the tissues after?
|
Diffusing Into Blood
|
|
|
In the blood plasma, CO2 is slowly converted into?
|
Bicarbonate Ions (HCO3-)
|
|
|
In endothelial cells and red blood cells what speed up the conversion?
|
Carbonic Anhydrase
|
|
|
The conversion keeps PCO2 ? and facilitates diffusion away from the?
|
Low, Tissues
|
|
|
Some CO2 binds to?
|
Hemoglobin Molecules
|
|
|
In the lungs the conversion reaction is reversed?
|
CO2 Diffuses From the Blood Into the Alveoli and Is Exhaled
|
|
|
Breathing is controlled where in the brainstem?
|
Medulla
|
|
|
In humans and mammals, the breathing rate is more sensitive to changes in?
|
PCO2 than PO2
|
|
|
PCO2 of blood is the primary metabolic feedback for?
|
Breathing
|
|
|
The major site of sensitivity to PCO2 is on the ventral surface of the?
|
Medulla
|
|
|
Sensitivity of PO2 is monitored by?
|
Carotid and Aortic Bodies
|
|
|
Carotid and Aortic bodies are located?
|
In Blood Vessels Leaving the Heart
|
|
|
If PO2 falls, chemoreceptors in these bodies send nerve impulses to the brain stem to?
|
Stimulate Breathing
|
|
|
What are non specific defense mechanisms?
|
First Line of Defense and Second Line of Defense
|
|
|
Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, and secretion of skin and mucous membranes? (Barrier Membranes)
|
First Line of Defense
|
|
|
Consists of phagocytic white blood cells, Antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory response?
|
Second Line of Defense
|
|
|
Consist of lymphocytes and antibodies?
|
Third Line of Defense
|
|
|
Specific Defense Mechanism (Immune System) ?
|
Third Line of Defense
|
|
|
Viruses, bacteria, unicellular protozoans, and multicellular parasites?
|
Pathogens
|
|
|
What are the Two groupings of defenses?
|
1) Non Specific Defense
2) Specific Defense |
|
|
Work against any pathogens it can, work well but not perfect?
|
Non Specific Defense
|
|
|
Build defenses to battle certain pathogens, best defense is to keep them out?
|
Specific Defense
|
|
|
Skin, Mucus membranes (lining of major organs) Usually effective unless there is a gap/ break in membrane or pathogen burrows through?
|
Mechanical Barriers
|
|
|
Consume bad bacteria to get out of body?
|
Macrophage
|
|
|
Sweat has a pH of?
|
3-5 (acid)
|
|
|
Sweat pH 3-5(acid), pH to low for many pathogens which makes skin unfavorable?
|
Chemical Barriers
|
|
|
What produce lysozyme?
|
Sweat and Saliva
|
|
|
What kills bacteria?
|
Lysozyme
|
|
|
What are the three types of Internal Defenses?
|
1) Some Types of White Blood Cells
2) Antimicrobial Proteins 3) Inflammatory Response |
|
|
Bacteria living within body?
|
Symbiotic Flora
|
|
|
Live in blood, leave blood - move like amoebas, eat bad pathogens, and are located in lymph system and lymph nodes?
|
Phagocytes and Macrophages
|
|
|
Where are Phagocytes and Macrophages located?
|
In Lymph Nodes
|
|
|
Viruses invade cell, cell sends out signal, then what comes and kills specific cell?
|
Natural Killer Cell "NK"
|
|
|
Infected cell sends out signals, Interferons, makes lots of macrophages and killer cells attack?
|
Antimicrobial Proteins
|
|
|
AMP=?
|
Signal
|
|
|
Signal sent by infected cell?
|
Interferons
|
|
|
Cells in and around injury?
|
Mast Cells
|
|
|
What senses damage to surface and send out warning signals?
|
Mast Cells
|
|
|
Warning Signal =?
|
Histamine
|
|
|
Mast cells are part of what Response?
|
Inflammation Response
|
|
|
Causes vasodilation, move blood flow to injured area, also squeeze out and search for bacteria to consume and get rid of?
|
Histamines
|
|
|
When the body increases in temperature which leads to an increase in blood flow
|
Pyrogenic Response
|
|
|
A fever is what type of response?
|
Pyrogenic
|
|
|
How does the body tell what bacteria belong and which don't?
|
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
|
|
|
What is used for tissue transplant that help avoid rejection?
|
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
|
|
|
Blood types only allow specific types of blood or ?
|
The Body Defenses Will Attack It
|
|
|
What is the disease where the body attacks its own tissues?
|
Autoimmune Disease
|
|
|
When the body attacks a harmless substance?
|
Allergy
|
|
|
Antihistamines counteract?
|
Allergy
|
|
|
An inflammatory defense and mistake by the immune system in the body?
|
Allergy
|
|
|
When muscles contract to move food from one location to another?
|
Peristalsis
|
|
|
What is the ring at the bottom of the stomach esophagus called?
|
Cardiac Sphincter
|
|
|
When the cardiac sphincter leaks acid it end up where?
|
Esophagus
|
|
|
When acid leaks into the esophagus due to a problem in the cardia sphincter its called?
|
Gastro Esophagus Reflux or Heart Burn
|
|
|
Muscular, secretes gastric juices?
|
Stomach
|
|
|
What type if juices are release by the stomach and what is the pH?
|
HCl, pH of 2
|
|
|
Kills some pathogens, dissolves extracellular matrix, and when pepsin is added to it, it turns compound into pepsin?
|
HCl (Stomach Juices)
|
|
|
What does pepsin do?
|
Hydrolyze Proteins
|
|
|
What does the mucus in the lining of the stomach protect against?
|
HCl and Pepsin
|
|
|
Lining cells divide?
|
Rapidly
|
|
|
How long do lining cells live?
|
3 Days
|
|
|
What happens if their is a break in mucus in the stomach?
|
The Digestive Juices Get Into Stomach Muscle
|
|
|
What does Helicobacter Pylori cause and how?
|
Ulcers By Eating Away At Stomach
|
|
|
Food + HCl + Pepsin is mixed up by?
|
Stomach
|
|
|
What is the liquid broth in the stomach called?
|
Acid Chyme
|
|
|
What releases CO3 which acts as a buffer for enzymes, raising pH to 7
|
Pancreas
|
|
|
Some digestive enzymes are?
|
Trypsin and Chymotrypsin
|
|
|
What does Trypsin and Chymotrypsin do?
|
Break Down Proteins
|
|
|
What does hydrolysis =?
|
Breaks Apart Proteins
|
|
|
What secretes bile that is like soap?
|
Liver
|
|
|
What does bile breaks them into tiny droplets?
|
Lipids
|
|
|
What enzymes digest fats into individual fatty acids or lipids?
|
Lipases
|
|
|
Where is bile stored?
|
Gall Bladder
|
|
|
When bile solidifies its called a?
|
Gall Stone
|
|
|
The folds in the small intestine are called?
|
Villi
|
|
|
What do the folds in the small intestine do?
|
Increase Surface Area
|
|
|
How long is the small intestine?
|
25' long, 8 meters, 300 m squared of surface area
|
|
|
Brush border =?
|
Micropilli
|
|
|
What has the most nutrients uptake?
|
Brush Border, some passive and some uses ATP (To take up nutrients)
|
|
|
Nutrients are taken by?
|
Capillaries
|
|
|
Where is nutrients first taken?
|
Liver
|
|
|
Where is H2) absorbed?
|
In Small and Large Intestine
|
|
|
The body secretes in how many days?
|
7- 8 L/day
|
|
|
The body actively uptakes up?
|
Na and Cl
|
|
|
How does water flow from intestine into body?
|
Passively By Osmosis
|
|
|
What paralyzes sodium molecules uptake in water?
|
Cholera
|
|
|
Easy to cure, though by rehydration therapy?
|
Diarrhea
|
|
|
Lots of disease affect the uptake of what?
|
Water
|
|
|
Energy, biosynthesis, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?
|
Macronutrients
|
|
|
Some macronutrients can be what ?while others cant
|
Synthesized
|
|
|
Quick energy?
|
COH 4.7 kcal/g
|
|
|
Slow energy?
|
Lipids 9.5 kcal/g
|
|
|
Only as last resort?
|
Proteins 4.5 k cal/g
|
|
|
Micronutrients consist of?
|
Minerals
|
|
|
What type of minerals are in micronutrients?
|
Ca, K, Na
|
|
|
Are for structures and biochemical processes?
|
Minerals (Micronutrients)
|
|
|
For bones, nerve, muscle function, water/ salt balance?
|
Minerals (Micronutrients)
|
|
|
Organic Units- enzymes special tissues?
|
Vitamins
|
|
|
Order of systemic circulation?
|
Right Atrium -> Right ventricle -> Lungs (O2+, CO2 -) -> Pulmonary Vein -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle -> Aorta (O2-, CO2 +)
|
|
|
Valves leak backward =?
|
Heart Murmur
|
|
|
Heart murmurs are common in?
|
Kids and Elderly (valves calcify)
|
|
|
What types of replacement valves are their?
|
Artificial Valves, Cadavers, Pigs
|
|
|
Develop plaque with age, cholesterol and inflammation, constricting - cut of blood flow?
|
Coronary Arteries
|
|
|
When blood flow to the heart is cut off?
|
Heart Attack
|
|
|
When doctors inject a die and take pictures if your heart?
|
Angiograms
|
|
|
If a valve is blocked doctors can perform an?
|
Angioplasty
|
|
|
What does an angioplasty do?
|
Unclogs blockage by the use of a stent (coil)
|
|
|
If an Angioplasty doesn't work what can doctors perform?
|
Coronary Bypass
|
|
|
The growing of red blood cells?
|
Angiogenesis
|
|
|
Inflammation from chlamydia?
|
Antibiotics
|
|
|
How many times does the heart beat a minute?
|
60- 70 bpm
|
|
|
Blood pressure is taken as?
|
mm Hg (mercury)
|
|
|
Heart Contraction?
|
Systole
|
|
|
Heart Relaxation?
|
Diastole
|
|
|
The immune system has what type of defenses?
|
Specific
|
|
|
Specific markers on surface?
|
Antigens
|
|
|
Diversity equals millions of? (Specific Defenses) They have to recognize them
|
Pathogens/ Antigens
|
|
|
Prevent second infection, vaccines?
|
Memory
|
|
|
Pathogens located in fluids, plasma, lymph, intestinal space =?
|
Humoral Response
|
|
|
If pathogens located inside cell =?
|
Mediated Response
|
|
|
Humoral Response and Mediated Response both involve ?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
Where are mature b cells made?
|
In Bone Marrow
|
|
|
Binding site allow for 1,000 of identical?
|
Antibodies
|
|
|
Antibody binds to?
|
Antigen
|
|
|
The signal from antigen gets sent to?
|
Bone Marrow
|
|
|
Bone marrow releases antibodies from?
|
The Cell
|
|
|
After the antibodies are release from the bell they make more?
|
B Cells With Binding Sites
|
|
|
B cells release?
|
Antibodies
|
|
|
Antibodies bind to?
|
2 Pathogens that clump together that serves as a marker
|
|
|
How long do B cells live for?
|
Years/ Decades
|
|
|
Some B cells don't release their?
|
Antibodies
|
|
|
What allow for a very rapid response next time pathogens get in?
|
Memory B Cells
|
|
|
Immune system challenge, isolated antigen, killed pathogens, weakened pathogens
|
Vaccine
|
|
|
T cell, Th, Tc
|
Cell Mediated Response
|
|
|
Th =?
|
Helper T cell
|
|
|
Tc =?
|
Cytotoxic T cell
|
|
|
2 basic pathways for cell mediated response?
|
1) Direct Attack On Infected Cells
2) Macrophage Initiated Attacks |
|
|
Presenting cell =?
|
Antigen
|
|
|
Digests path preserve antigen and present antigens on surface?
|
Macrophage
|
|
|
What binds to antigens?
|
Th Helper Cells
|
|
|
Increases production of Tc, Th, and production of memory Th?
|
Interleukin
|
|
|
What are the different blood types?
|
A, B, O, AB
|
|
|
What blood type doesn't have any antigens?
|
Type O
|
|
|
Type A blood can get?
|
A,O
|
|
|
Type B blood can get?
|
B, O
|
|
|
Type AB blood can get type?
|
A ,B, O
|
|
|
Type O blood can get?
|
O
|
