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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Matter
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any that occupies space
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Element
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Matter composed of atoms of only one kind
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Atom
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smallest particles into which an element can be divided useing convetional chemical means; oxygen (O) for example
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Neutron
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subatomic particle containing no charge
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Proton
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subatomic particle containing positive electrical charge
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Electron
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subatomic particle containing a negative electrical charge
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Nucleus
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cell organelle containing most of the genetic material of the cell; center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons
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Orbital
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region where an electron is most likely to be found
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Atomic number
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number of protons in an atom
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Chemical bonds
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outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms
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Molecule
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combination of atoms connected by electrons
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Chemical formula
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Symbols of the atoms in a molecule plus a subscript denoting the number of each type of atom
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Ionic bond
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when one atom loses an electron to another, giving the atom less an e- positive and the atom with an extra e- negative
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Ions
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electrically charged atoms
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Covalent bond
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when two atoms share a pair of electrons
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Polar covalent bond
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unequal sharing of electrons making one side of a molecule slightly positive and the other side slightly negative
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Hydrogen bond
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weak attraction of covalently-bonded molecules to ions; e.g. water molecules have H-bonds with each other
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Chemical reaction
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process by which atoms or molecules interact to form or break chemical bonds
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Synthesis reaction
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when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a new and larger molecule
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Decomposition reaction
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when larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms
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Exchange reaction
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combo of decomposition reaction, in which molecules are broken down, and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction are combined to form new molecules
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What influences the rate of chemical reactions?
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Concentration(+concentration, faster reaction); temperature(+temp causes faster reaction); presence of enzyme or catalyst(speeds up reaction)
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Catalyst
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substance that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds, without itself being permanently changed or depleted
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Reversible reaction
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reaction can proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants
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Equilibrium
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when rate of product formation is equal to rate of reactant formation
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Base
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Proton acceptor; hydroxide
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Acid
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Electron acceptor; hydronium
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Base
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Proton acceptor; hydroxide
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Oxidation
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loss of an e-, loss of a H, or gain of an O
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Reduction
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gain an e-, or gain an H, or lose an O
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Salt
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molecule consisting of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-; e.g. hydrochloric acid: HCL + NaOH -> NaCL + H2O
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Buffer
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chemical that resists changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing the buffer
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Hydrophobic forces
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non-polar molecules repell water
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Dissociation
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the separation of substances, such as acids, bases, and salts when dissolved in water
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Organic molecules
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contain carbon
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Inorganic molecules
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all other molecules NOT containing carbon; some exceptions, e.g. CO2
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Carbon Functional Groups: Alkane
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hydrocarbon containing C and H only; ethane, methane; free to rotate
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Carbon Functional Groups: Alkene
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At least one double bonded C; ending: ene; not free to rotate; isomers possible; hydrocarbons and nonpolar
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Carbon Functional Groups: Alcohols
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hydroxyl group; soluble in water; slightly polar; sugars; secondary carbon in middle
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Carbon Functional Groups: (family) Aldehydes
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Carbonyl functional group; carbonyl on end; polar, hydrophilic
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Carbon Functional Groups: Ketone
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Carbonyl group; carbonyl on secondary C; polar, hydrophilic
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Carbon Functional Groups: Carboxylic acid
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COOH on end(carboxyl), weak acids-dissociate and form conjugate base
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Carbon Functional Groups: Amines
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Amino group (NH2) on end; acts as a base
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Carbohydrates
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Made of C, H, and O; functions: energy and ID
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Monosaccharides
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simple sugars, -ose endings
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What are the functions of Carbohydrates?
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Energy and Identification
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What are the functions of lipids?
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Energy(limited), structure(cell membranes), and regulation(hormones)
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What are the functions of proteins?
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Regulation, structure, energy, contraction, transport, and protection
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What are the functions of nucleic acids?
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Regulation, heredity, and protein synthesis
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What does a ribose molecule look like?
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OH- O
l/ \-OH H- \_/ / \ OH OH |
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What is galactose?
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component of disaccharides; ketone
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Another name for glucose?
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dextrose
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what does glucose look like?
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--CH2OH
H | __O H \/OH H\/ /\/__\/\OH OH/ \ H OH |
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What are lipids?
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substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents but not polar solvents like water; less oxygen content than carbs
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Fats
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energy storage molecules; padding and insulation
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Glycerol
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building block of fat, along with fatty acids; 3C molecule w/ a hydroxyl group attached to each atom
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Fatty acids
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building blocks of fat; carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached at one end
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Glycerol + Fatty Acid = ?
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H2O and a fat molecule
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Saturated fat
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only single covalent bonds btwn C atoms
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Unsaturated fat
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fatty acids containing double covalent bonds btwn C atoms
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Glycosidic bond
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formed by dehydration synthesis reaction(removes H2O molecule); opposite: hydrolysis
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Simple lipids include: ?
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waxes, fats and oils; protect from invaders
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Phospholipid
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forms cell membrane; glycerol + phosphate group; phospholipid bilayer
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Steroids
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Type of lipid; 4 rings, 3rings of 6, 1 ring of 5; cholesterol, adrenocortical hormones, bile salts, sex hormones
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Proteins
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C, H, O and N; and Sulfur too sometimes; antibodies, catalysts, hemoglobins; bonded together by peptide bonds
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Nucleic acid
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made up of a phosphate group, sugar and base
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Denaturation
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H bonds holding protein in specific shape broken, making protein non-functional
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Activation Energy
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E necessary to start a chemical reaction
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