Biology 2: Ch 3

Front 1

What is the Cell Theory

Back 1

1. all living things are made of cells & cell products
2. all cells come from pre-existing cells
3. cells have an evolutionary history

Front 2

What are the 3 major structures in animal cells?

Back 2

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, and Plasma Membrane

Front 3

What is the Plasma Membrane made of?

Back 3

Phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates

Front 4

Globular proteins?

Back 4

3D, globs

Front 5

Fibrous proteins

Back 5

long strands; generally receptors

Front 6

Transmembranous proteins?

Back 6

all the way across and embedded in plasma membrane

Front 7

Peripheral proteins?

Back 7

on one side of membrane, often attached it integral proteins

Front 8

Nuclear Envelope

Back 8

2 phospholipid bilayers

Front 9

Lumin

Back 9

center of the nucleus' 2 phospholipid bilayers

Front 10

What are the major components of the cytoskeleton?

Back 10

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Front 11

Microfilaments

Back 11

made of actin; like a strand of pearls; aid in cell movement, provide support to microvilli

Front 12

intermediate filaments

Back 12

made of keratin; like a cable; mechanical strength

Front 13

microtubules

Back 13

made of tubulin; move organelles w/i cell; allows cell to change shape; form cilia and flagella

Front 14

Centrioles

Back 14

mitosis; found as a pair at right angles with each other; composed of microtubules(9X3 arrangement)

Front 15

Basal Body

Back 15

microtubule composition, base of cilia to help anchor and support

Front 16

centrosome

Back 16

non-membranous structure containing the centrioles

Front 17

Selectively permeable

Back 17

allows some substances, but not others, to pass into or out of the cell

Front 18

membrane channels

Back 18

large protein molecules extending from one surface of the plasma membrane to the other

Front 19

carrier-mediated processes

Back 19

when large, polar substances are transported across the plasma membrane

Front 20

concentration gradient

Back 20

measure of the difference in the concentration of a solute in a solvent between 2 points

Front 21

osmosis

Back 21

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower

Front 22

osmotic pressure

Back 22

force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 23

tight junction

Back 23

no intercellular space, regulates what goes through cells

Front 24

desmosomes

Back 24

intercellular space allows for fluid movement around cells; looks like a button

Front 25

gap junction

Back 25

channel can open and close, small ions can move across quickly, communication channel

Front 26

hypotonic

Back 26

when there's less solute outside the cell; water moves into cell to balance; lysis

Front 27

hypertonic

Back 27

more solute outside cell than inside; water moves out of cell; crenation

Front 28

isotonic

Back 28

solute to water ratio equal within cell as well as solvent

Front 29

Crenation

Back 29

cell shrinks because water leaves to make concentration the same(in a hypertonic solution)

Front 30

Lysis

Back 30

When a cell bursts because it is in a hypotonic solution

Front 31

Facilitated diffusion

Back 31

mediated transport process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher to a lower concentration

Front 32

filtration

Back 32

movement of fluid through a partition containing small holes

Front 33

mediated transport molecules

Back 33

carrier molecules within the plasma membrane that function to move large, water-soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules across the plasma membrane

Front 34

Active transport

Back 34

proteins act as pumps using ATP for energy; moves substances from an area of lower concentration to higher against the concentration gradient

Front 35

phagocytosis

Back 35

when solid particles are ingested into a cell

Front 36

pinocytosis

Back 36

when cells ingest fluids

Front 37

gene mutation

Back 37

permanent change in the sequence of DNA bases

Front 38

mutagens

Back 38

radiation, viruses, chemicals

Front 39

point mutations

Back 39

one of a few nucleotide bases are changed

Front 40

frame shift mutation

Back 40

adds or deletes bases, effects entire sequence

Front 41

mutagens

Back 41

radiation, viruses, chemicals

Front 42

gene

Back 42

sequence of nucleotides providing a chemical set of instructions for making a specific protein

Front 43

transcription

Back 43

when DNA creates mRNA