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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuron
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Nerve cells
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Sensory Neuron
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A nerve cell that transmits information from a sensory receptor cell
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Interneuron
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Cells in the Central Nervous System (CNS) that integrate information from many sensory neurons
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Effector Cells
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Receive a response after integration from motor neurons
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Motor Neuron
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Nerve cells that send signals to effector cells in glands or muscles
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Dendrite
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Recieves an electrical signal from the axons of adjacent cells
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Axon
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Sends the signal to the dendrites and and cell bodies of other neurons
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Membrane Potential
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When an electrical potential exists across a plasma membrane, it is the seperation of charges
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Resting Potential
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The membrane potential when a neuron is not transmitting an electrical signal but is merely sitting in extracellular fluid at rest
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Sodium Potassium Pump
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Uses ATP to pump 3 Sodium ions out and bring 2 potassium ions back in to the cytoplasm
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Potassium Leak Channel
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When open, they allow potassium ions to cross the membrane at a rate which is nearly as fast as their diffusion through bulk water.
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Excitable Membranes
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Neurons are said to have them; capable of generating action potentials that propagate rapidly along the length of their axons
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Action Potential
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A rapid, temporary change in a membrane potential
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Threshold Potential
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Membrane potential must shift from its resting potential of -70 mV to about -55 mV. If reached, certain channels in the axon membrane open and ions rush into the axon, following electrochemical gradients
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Depolarization
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Membrane becomes less polarized than before (charges on either side become more equal)
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Repolarization
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Ions flow out of axon, charges become polarized again
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Hyperpolarization
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Changes in ion channels cause the cell interior to become more negaitve than the resting potential
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Refractory
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Once channels have opened and closed, they are less likely to open again for short period of time
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Myelin Sheath
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Made of schwann cells, wraps around axon to provide electrical insulation
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Neurotransmitter
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Molecules that transmit information from one neuron to another neuron or from a nueron to a target cell in a muscle or gland
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Synapse
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The interface between neurons (how they signal each other)
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Presynaptic Neuron
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The sending cell
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Postsynaptic Neuron
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The receiving cell
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Central Nervous System
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Made up of the brain and spinal cord, concerned primarily with integrating information
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Peripheral Nervous System
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All components of the nervous system outside the CNS. Sensory information from receptors in the PNS is sent to the CNS for processing
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Afferent Division
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Sends information from body to CNS
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Efferent Division
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Sends information from CNS to body
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Somatic System
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Part of the efferent division that controls skeletal muscles
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Autonomic System
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Part of the efferent division which controls internal processes like digestion and heart rate
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Sympathetic Division
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Type of autonomic nerves that prepare organs for stressful situations
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Parasympathetc Division
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Autonomic Nerves that promotes relaxation and digestion
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