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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gives rise to central nervous system, peripheral nervous system and mammary glands |
Ectoderm |
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Gives rise to connective tissue, cartilage & bones. Striated & smooth muscle, the heart walls, blood lymph vessels & kidneys, gonads |
Mesoderm |
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Gives rise to epithelial lining of GI & Resp tracts, Thymus/Thyroid/Parathyroid, pancreas & lining of urinary system |
Endoderm |
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Considered evolutionary trend where nervous tissue over many generations concentrated toward one end of organism. The process eventually produces a head region with sensory organs |
Cephalization |
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Structure found in many ectothermic organsims & soft bodied animals consisting of fluid-filled cavity, the coelom, surrounded by muscles |
Hydrostatic skeleton |
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allows muscles to grow independantly of body wall-this feature can be seen in the digestive tract which is suspended within the body in mesentary derived from mesoderm |
coelom |
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refers to division of some animal and plant body plans into a series of repetative segments |
Segmentation |
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having two germ layers, the ectoderm and endoderm as the embryos of sponges in coelenterates |
diphloblastic |
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Having three primary germ layers such as ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm |
Triploblastic |
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Complete physical changes in insect, undergo four developmental states, the embryo, larva, pupa & adult |
Holometabolous |
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Undergoing a metamorphasis that lacks a pupal stage |
hemimetabolous |
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Immature form of some invertabrates, particularly insects, which undergoes gradual metamorphosis before reaching adult stage |
Nymph |
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Any young insect from the time it hatches from the egg until it becomes a pupa or chrysalis. Usually molts several times & may change color |
Larvae |
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Anatomical structure that is used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to tongue. |
Radula |
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Horeshoe shaped crown of tentacles used for feeding |
Lophophore |
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Planktonic larva of invertebrates, including mollusks and polychaete worms, having roughly spherical body a band of cilia and a spinning motion |
Trochophore |
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Process by which animal physically develops after birth or hatching. involving abrupt change in body structure through cell growth |
Metamorphasis |
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Bones of skull which contain brain |
Cranium |
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Skeleton of head of vertebrate animal |
Skull |
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Filter feeding organs & respiratory organs between pharynx and mouth |
Pharyngeal gill slits |
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Embryonic feature unique to chordates, hollow cord dorsal to notochord |
Dorsal nerve cord |
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Cartilagionous skeleton rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some chordate animals |
Notochord |
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Develops within the skin or in deeper body tissue. During early embryonic development is composed of notochord and cartilage |
Endoskeleton |
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Shells of insects such as grasshoppers & cockroaches. various mollusks, snails, clams & nautilus |
Exoskeleton |
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Any cold blooded animal that regulates body temp on external sources; sunlight, heated rock surface |
Ectothermic |
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Organisms that maintain body at metabolic favoured temp, largely by heat set free of internal bodily functions instead of relying on ambient heat |
Endothermic |
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They regulate expression of other genes, play important role in development of animal embryos, regulating expression of dozens of other genes that influence morphology |
Hox genes |
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What kind of symmetry do sponges have |
Assymetry |
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What kind of symmetry do Cnidarians have |
Radial |
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What kind of symmetry do Platyhelminthes have |
Bilateral |
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What kind of symmetry do Molluscs have |
Bilateral |
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What kind of symmetry do Annelids have |
Bilateral |
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What kind of symmetry do Echinoderms have |
Radial |
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What kind of symmetry do Chordates have |
Bilateral |
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Primary body cavity of most invertebrates, containing circulatory fluid |
Hemocoel |
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What function does hemocoel perform in Anthropods |
Helps to circulate blood flow to tissue and organs |
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What are the generalized characteristics for the body plan of mollusks |
- Unsegmented soft body with bilateral symmetry - Presence of internal or external shell - Toothed tongue called radula - Mantle which is fold in body wall that lines shell - Muscular foot (tentacles in some) - Posses fluid filled cavity calle coelom |
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What are most diverse group of arthropods |
Insects |
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What are defining characteristics of mammals |
- Hair - Mammary Gland
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What are principle characteristics of chordates |
- Notochord - Hollow Nerve cord - Pharyngeal slits - Postanal tail - Segmentation |
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Name 5 key innovations of vertebrates |
- Vertebrae - Jaws - Lungs - Jointed limbs - Amniotic eggs
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Name two vertebrate species that don't have jaws |
- Lamphreys - Hagfish |
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Name several cartilagionous fish |
- Sharks - Skates - Rays
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Most animals exhibit the following structures or functions except A - Nervous & muscle tissue B- uniquie types of intercellular junctions such as tight junctions & gap junctions C- Autotrophic nutrition D - Sexual reproduction E- Multicellularity |
C- autotrophic nutrition |
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Which of the following terms or structures is not associated with animals? A) eukaryotic
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B - cell wall |
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A researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best choice on which to base the phylogeny?
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B- collagen genes |
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Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition
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C- by ingesting it |
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The young of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which of the following most directly favors the evolution of the latter more radical kind of metamorphosis? A) natural selection of sexually immature forms of insects
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B- changes in the homeobox genes governing early development |
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What is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal's development?
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E - fertilization - cleavage - gastrulation - metamorphasis |
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At which stage would one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
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C- gastrulation |
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Which of the following is not unique to animals?
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E - sexual reproduction |
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The number of legs an insect has, or the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by ________ genes.
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E - Hox |
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What should animals as diverse as corals and monkeys have in common?
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D - Presence of Hox genes |
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What may have occurred to prevent species that are of the same grade from also belonging to the same clade?
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C - adaptation by different lineages to the same selective process |
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The Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most recent?
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E - formation of channels in sponges - positioning of tentacles in cnidarians - anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protosomes embryon - identity and position of paired appendages in protostome embryos - anterior - posterior orientation of somites in vertebrate embryos |
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Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the
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A - Cambrian period |
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Which statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships? A) increased incidence of worm burrows in the fossil record
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E - increased incidence of hard parts in fossil record |
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Which of these genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian explosion?
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D - gene duplication |
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Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example of
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C - adaptive radiation |
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Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from earliest to most recent?
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C - Cambrian explosion occurs - Vertebrates become top predators in the seas - Protostomes invade terrestrial environments - Deuterostomes invade terrestrial environments |
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) If one encounters the deepest stratum in which aquatic and flying reptiles can be found, then one has likely found a stratum that was laid during which era?
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A - Mesozoic |
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What is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most recent?
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B - Bilaterians - Deuterostomes - Vertebrates - Tetrapods - Amniotes |
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The major branches of Eumetazoa are the Radiata and the Bilateria. These names refer to what characteristic of these animals?
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B - Body symmetry |
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Organisms showing radial symmetry would likely
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C - move from place to place relatively slowly if at all |
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During metamorphosis, echinoderms undergo a transformation from motile larvae to a sedentary (and sometimes sessile) existence as adults. What is true of adults, but not of larvae? Adults should
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B - have radial symmetry |
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Cephalization is primarily associated with
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E - bilateral symmetry |
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Cephalization is generally associated with all of the following except
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E - sessile existence |
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Which of the following is an incorrect association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or organs to which it gives rise?
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C - mesoderm/nervous system |
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You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a
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D - sponge |
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What is the main basis for placing the arthropods and nematodes in the Ecdysozoa in one hypothesis of animal phylogeny?
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E - analysis of genes shows that their sequences are quite similar and these sequences differ from those of the lophotrochozoans & deuterostomes |
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Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect?
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E - Porifera - coelomates, mouth from blastophere |
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Which of the following subdivisions of the animal kingdom encompasses all the others in the list?
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D - Eumetazoa |
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Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with
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C - motility and active predation and escape |
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Acoelomates are characterized by
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E - solid body without a cavity surrounding organs |
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The distinction between the sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of
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C - true tissues |
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Organisms that are neither coelomate nor pseudocoelomate should, apart from their digestive systems, have bodies that
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A - are solid with tissue |
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What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates
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C) have a body cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do not. |
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E) A, B, and C |
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You have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should convince you that the organism is an acoelomate?
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E) Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body wall. |
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An animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its anterior end is likely to be all of the following except
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D) diploblastic. |
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The blastopore is a structure that is evident in the
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D) gastrula. |
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Which of the following is descriptive of protostomes?
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Which of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development?
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B) determinate cleavage |
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Protostome characteristics include all of the following except
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D) indeterminate cleavage. |
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Why are annelids, arthropods, and molluscs placed in the same clade?
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B) They are protostomes. |
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At the phylum level, you are most closely related to a(n)
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B) sea star. |
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Protostomes exhibit ________ cleavage; deuterostomes exhibit ________ cleavage.
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D) spiral and determinate; radial and indeterminate |
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The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having A) radial or bilateral symmetry.
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D) true tissues or no tissues. |
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) Echinoderms are
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A) deuterstomes. |
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According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is 12
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A) monophyletic. |
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The common ancestor of all animals was probably a
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E) protist. |
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If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can be classified among the
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B) metazoans. |
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According to both the molecular- and morphology-based animal phylogenies, the following are all protostomes except
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B) echinoderms. |
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If the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the future, then what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil record?
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B) The fossil evidence will be understood to have been incorrect because it is Incomplete. |
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The first amphibian probably resembled a) jawless fishes, like the lamprey, b) cartilaginous fishes, like the skate, c) lobe-finned fishes, like the coelacanth, d) rey-finned fishes, like the salmon |
c) lobe-finned fishes, like the coelacanth, |
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T or F: Lobe-finned fishes were the ancestors of amphibians
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TRUE |
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Which of the following is not found in all vertebrates? a) jaws, b) cranium, c) endoskeleton, d) vertebral column |
JAWS |
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Jaws probably evolved from the a) pectoral fins of jawless fishes, b) gills slits of sharks and rays, c) paired pelvic fins of jawless fishes, d) gill arches of jawless fishes |
d) gill arches of jawless fishes |
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Lampreys and hagfishes have a) jaws, b) paired fins, c) a rigid skeleton, d) a notochord through all stages of their life cycle |
d) a notochord through all stages of their life cycle |
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In chordates, the long supporting rod that runs through the body is called the a) nerve cord, b) notochord, c) pharyngeal pouch, d) nerve cord |
b) notochord, |
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A vertebrate is any chordate that has a a) backbone, b) notochord, c) hollow nerve cord, d) tail that extends beyond the anus |
a) backbone, |
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T or F: The swimmerets of lobsters and crayfish are attached to their thorax |
false |
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The appendages of arthropods a) may serve as walking legs, b) may be modifies into antennae, c) may be modifies into large pincers, d) all of the above |
d) all of the above |
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T or F: The majority of animal species are classified as invertebrates |
true |
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T or F: All animal cells lack cell walls |
true |
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T or F: Radially symmetric animals have no anterior end and no posterior end, but do have a bottom and a top |
true |
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T or F: An advantage of cephalization is that an animal enters its environment head first, and therefore can immediately sense important stimuli |
true |
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T or F: The fluid in the body cavity of an animal acts as a medium of transport for nutrients and wastes |
true |
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T or F: Segmentation occurs in the bodies of annelids and arthropods but is not present in chordates |
False |
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T or F: An advantage of a long digestive tract is that it provides a large surface area over which nutrients can be absorbed |
True |
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T or F: At the start of gastrulation, the embryo is cup-shaped and has 3 distinct germ layers
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False |
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Animals probably evolved from a) plants, b) photosynthetic protists, c) heterotrophic protists, d) none of the above |
c) heterotrophic protists, |
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Cephalization a) is a feature of most invertebrates, including the sponges, b) is characterized by the concentration of sensory organs in the anterior end, c) occurs in marine protozoa, d) results when the brain does not develop properly |
b) is characterized by the concentration of sensory organs in the anterior end, |
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Which of the following is found in vertebrates but not in invertebrates? a) dorsal nerve cord, b) coelom, c) 3 germ layers, d) bilateral symmetry |
a) dorsal nerve cord, |
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A characteristic shared by all chordates at some stage of their development is a) a dorsal holllow nerve cord, b) a notochord, c) pharyngeal pouches, d) all of the above |
d) all of the above |
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Which of the following is not a vertebrate adaptation to life on land? a) lungs, b) internal fertilization, c) endoskeleton, d) brain |
d) brain |
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In sponges, digestion occurs in a) a gut, b) individual cells, c) a central cavity with a single opening, d) outside of the animal's body |
b) individual cells,
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During which of the following stages of animal development are the germ layers formed? a) fertilization, b) cleavage, c) gastrulation, d) organ formation |
c) gastrulation,
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The acoelomate body type is exemplified by a) flatworms, b) roundworms, c) mollusks, d) annelids |
d) annelids |
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Which of the following is an incorrect match? a) ectoderm-nervous system, b) mesoderm-skeletal system, c) endoderm-muscular system, d) endoderm-digestive system |
c) endoderm-muscular system,
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Which of the following animals is a deuterostome? a) annelid, b) arthropod, c) mollusk, d) chordate |
d) chordate |
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The backbone is a characteristic of a) worms, b) all chordates, c) vertebrates only, d) reptiles only |
c) vertebrates only,
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In a protostome, the blastopore becomes a(an) a) mouth, b) anus, c) zygote, d) blastula |
a) mouth,
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A body cavity that forms between the germ layers is called a (an) a) coelom, b) blastopore, c) mesoderm, d) ectoderm |
a) coelom,
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As an animal develops, the ectoderm becomes the a) heart, b) tissues that lines the gut, c) skin and nervous system, d) muscle tissue |
c) skin and nervous system,
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T or F: Mammals have hair on their bodies and the ability to produce milk |
TRUE |
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T or F: The geographic range of endothermic animals is greater than that of ectothermic animals because endothermic animals can survive in more extreme climates |
TRUE |
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T or F: The structure of a mamma's jaw and teeth usually reveal its diet |
TRUE |
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T or F: Marsupials are egg-laying mammals |
False |
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Hair may a) serve as insulation, b) have a sensory function, c) be a defensive weapon, d) all of the above |
d) all of the above |
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The function of the placenta in certain mammals is to a) hold the embryo in place, preventing premature loss, b) carry nutrition to and remove wastes from the embryo during development, c) surround and protect the embryo like a shell, d) maintain a constant internal temperature |
b) carry nutrition to and remove wastes from the embryo during development, |
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The major difference between marsupials and placentals is a) their ability to maintain a steady body temperature, b) their teeth, c) their pattern of embryonic development, d) the size of their eggs |
c) their pattern of embryonic development, |
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Offspring remain inside the mother until development is essentially complete in a) placental mammals, b) monotremes, c) marsupials, d) all of the above |
a) placental mammals, |
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primates? a) opposable digits, b) a well-developed cerebrum, c) binocular vision, d) a cloaca |
d) a cloaca |
