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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Reasons to test urine
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pregnancy, menopause, drugs, diabetes, some cancers, urinary tract infection
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Maintaining Extracellular Fluid
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keeps proper amount of fluid in a body water gains should=water losses.
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Water gains
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absorption from gut, metabolism
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Water losses
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urination, sweating, cell secretion, water in feces
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Urinary excretion
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the elimination of excess water and solutes in the urine. Additional water evaporates from respiratory surfaces such as those in the lungs.
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Components of the Urinary System
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Kidney
Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra |
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Kidney
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constantly filters water and all solutes except proteins from blood; reclaims water and solutes as the body requires and excretes the remainder, as urine.
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Ureter
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channel for urine flow from a kidney to the urinary bladder.
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Urinary bladder
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stretchable container for temporarily storing urine.
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Urethra
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channel for urine flow between the urinary bladder and body surface.
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Nephrons
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at the nephrons that water and solutes are filtered from blood, and the amounts to be reclaimed by the blood are adjusted.
Functional unit of the kidney. Each consists of a renal tubule and associated cappilaries. Millions of nephrons are the functional units of the kidney. |
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Renal corpuscle
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the cup, Bowman's capsule, interacts with the cappillaries as a blood-filtering unit.
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Functions of the kidneys
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filters water, mineral ions, wastes from the blood. Adjust filtrate concentration & return most to blood. Remaining water & solutes in filtrate constitute urine.
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Glomeulus
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is part of the renal corpuscle
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Proximal tubule
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tubular region closest to the cup
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Loop of Henle
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hairpin-shaped
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Distal tubule
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most distant from the corpule
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Collecting duct
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nephron's last region. Is part of a duct system that leads to the kidney's central cavity, then into the urethra. filtrate-whatever is passed through kidney filters such as ions, gluclose, and water.
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Human Urinary System
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vertebrates have a pair of kidneys that continually filter the blood. The body reclaims conserved and adjusted amounts of the filtrate. The kidney excrete excess amounts of water and solutes as a fluid called urine.
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Filtered out
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120mml of water and small solutes are filtered out and they collect inside Bowman's capsule.
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Filtered through the kidneys
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180 liters-about 2 are excreted and the rest go back into the body.
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Blood flows through...
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the renal artery and into glomerular capillaries (1.5 liters)
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Glomerular Filtration
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a movement of water and small solutes from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule.
*Glomerular capillaries have large pores. |
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Tubular reabsorption
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peritubular capillaries reclaim most of the water and sulutes in the proximal tubule.
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Solutes
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that are reabsorbed are primarily nutrients and salts
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Tubular secretion
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secreting tocins and antibiotics some potassium and excess hydrogen ions. Membrane transports proteins in capillary cells move these wastes into intersitial fluid.
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Increased Blood pressure
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increases glomerus filtration. 1 or 2 liters are excreted. Most filtrate is reabsorbed into blood.
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ADH-antidiuretic hormone
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acts on distal tubules and collecting ducts, making them more permeable to water. Hypothalamus (signals pituitary gland) controls water secretion to secrete more ADH.
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Renal Failure
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must use dialysis machine for filter. Both kidneys are damaged to the point where they are nonfunctional. Fatal if not treated. Transplant is only way to fully restore function.
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Kidney Disorders
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kidney stones-uric acid and calcium salts settle out of urine, from hard deposits that can lodge in ureter and urethra.
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Core temperture
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Hypothalamus (regulates temp), internal temp of an animal's body, maintained within narrow range of normal enzyme function, heat gains & losses must be kept in balance.
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Stages of development
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gamete formation
fertilization cleavage gastrulation organ formation growth, tissue specialization |
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Gamete formation
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eggs form and mature in female reproductive organs and sperm form and mature in male reproductive organs.
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Fertilization
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creates a zygote
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Cleavage
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by a series of mitotic cell divisions, different daughter cells receive different regions of the egg cytoplasm.
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Gastrulation
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cell divisions migrations and rearrangements produce 2 or 3 primary tissues, the forerunners of specialized tissues and organs.
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Organ formation
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subpopulations of cells are sculpted into specialized organs and tissues in prescribed spatial patterns at prescribed times.
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Testosterone
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a steroid hormone, governs the growth, structure, and function of the male reproductive tract as well as the formation of sperm. It triggers development of male and secondary sexual traits, and it stimulates sexual and aggressive behavior.
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Three layers of skin
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Ectoderm-epidermis, nerves
Mesoderm-muscle & bone Endoderm-inside of the GI tract |
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Sexual reproduction
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through meiosis, gamete formation
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Prostate cancer
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2nd leading cause of death in American men.
Detection-digital rectum exam by physician. Blood tests for prostate-specific. |
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Testicular cancer
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self exams, check for hardening lumps
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Oocyte
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is created in the ovary. ie egg
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Menistration
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endometiral lining of the uterus is shed each month if pregnancy does not occur.
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Fertilization
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occurs in the oviduct
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Birth control works by...
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prevents ovalation. Trick body into think the woman is pregnant.
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STDS-Viruses
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Viruses-treatment, no cure
AIDS (HIV) Genital Herpes (Herpes Simplex) Genital Warts (HPV can cause cervical cancer) |
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STDS-Bacteria
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Bacteria-are cures
Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoae) Syphillis (trporema pallidum) Chlamydial (most common STD in high school and college ages, fast growing) |
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Pregnancy
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38 weeks, first 2 weeks for blastocyst, embryotic 3-8 weeks, week 9 to birth are fetal period.
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Implantation
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blastocyst attaches to endometrium; begins to secrete HCG hormone.
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HCG
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hormone secreted by the blastocyst can be detected by 3 weeks w/ home pregnancy test.
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Placenta
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organ that passes nutrients from mother to child
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Teratogen
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drugs and environment factors that may produce deformaties
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Testis
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sperm, sex hormone production
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Epididymis
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sperm maturation site and subsequent storage
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Vas deferens
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rapid transport of sperm
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Ejaculatory duct
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conduction of sperm to penis
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Penis
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organ of sexual intercourse
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Seminal vesicle
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secretion of large part of semen
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Prostate gland
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secretion of part of semen
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Bulbourethral gland
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prodctuion of mucus that functions in lubrication
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Ovaries
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oocyte production and maturation, sex hormone production
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oviducts
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ducts for conducting oocyte from ovary to uterus; fertilization normally occurs here
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uterus
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chamber in which new individual develops
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cervix
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secretion of mucus that enhances sperm movement into uterus and (after fertilization) reduces embryo's risk of bacterial infection
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vagina
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organ of sexual intercourse, birth canal
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follicular phase
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menstuation, endometrium breaks down
follicle matures in ovary; enodmetrium rebuilds (1-5) |
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ovulation
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oocyte released from ovary (14)
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luteal phase
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corpus luteum forms, secretes progesterone; the endometrium thickens and develops (15-28)
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Myometrium
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thick muscle layers of uterus that stretch enormously during pregnancy
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clitoris
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small organ responsive to sexual stimulation
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