Biology 1St Semester Exam

Front 1

Autotrophs

Back 1

Organisms that produce their own food and energy.

Front 2

Heterotrophs

Back 2

Organisms that must consume their food and energy.

Front 3

Factors that effect enzyme action

Back 3

temperature of surface area

Front 4

heterozygous

Back 4

when 2 of the alleles in a pair are different

Front 5

double helix

Back 5

Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have this shape

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mitosis

Back 6

division of prokaryotic cells into 2 offspring

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Basic shape of DNA

Back 7

Double Helix

Front 8

Heterotrophs

Back 8

Organisms that must consume their food and energy.

Front 9

3 things that make up the basic units of DNA

Back 9

1. Sugar molecule
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous base

Front 10

Who was responsible for finding the actual shape of the DNA molecule?

Back 10

Watson and Crick

Front 11

DNA Polymearese

Back 11

The enzyme responsible for adding the appropriate bases to the duplication strand

Front 12

Homeostasis

Back 12

The processes used to maintain such bodily equilibrium.

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Scientific Method

Back 13

a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses

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spermatogenesis

Back 14

Formation and development of spermatozoa by meiosis and spermiogenesis.

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gamete

Back 15

A reproductive cell having the haploid number of chromosomes, especially a mature sperm or egg capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex to produce the fertilized egg.

Front 16

sex cells

Back 16

A germ cell or gamete.

Front 17

reduction division

Back 17

cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number

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Oogenesis

Back 18

The formation, development, and maturation of an ovum

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tetrad

Back 19

A four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids.

Front 20

Nondisjunction

Back 20

The failure of paired chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate and go to different cells during meiosis

Front 21

genetics

Back 21

The branch of biology that deals with heredity, especially the mechanisms of hereditary transmission and the variation of inherited traits among similar or related organisms.

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Pea Plants

Back 22

Pure plant

Front 23

Gregor Mendel

Back 23

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics

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pure

Back 24

Plants that always produce the same offspring

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Dominant

Back 25

referring to an allele that masks the presence of another allele for the same characteristics

Front 26

Recessive

Back 26

Referring to an allele that is masked by the presence of another allele for the same characteristics

Front 27

Autotrophs

Back 27

Organisms that produce their own food and energy.

Front 28

Heterotrophs

Back 28

Organisms that must consume their food and energy.

Front 29

muilticellular

Back 29

organisms that have cells that are specialized and carry out specific functions.

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Asexual Reproduction

Back 30

involving one parent giving way to two offspring

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organism

Back 31

a living thing with all the characteristics of life

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endoplasmic reticulum

Back 32

Roads around the cell, transport materials

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plasma membrane

Back 33

lipid bi-layer, controls what enters and leaves the cell

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Golgi Apparatus

Back 34

UPS, packaging, shipping material out of the cell

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ribosome

Back 35

Protein Factory

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lysosomes

Back 36

digestion, protect from disease, cell death

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mitochondrion

Back 37

major source of ATP synthesis, Energy

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nucleoli

Back 38

Formation of ribosomes

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nucleus

Back 39

Control center of the cell

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centromere

Back 40

Holds the 2 chromatids together

Front 41

sex chromosomes

Back 41

half the chromosome #, sperm and egg cells

Front 42

homologous

Back 42

2 copies of each chromosome, identical in shapem size, and info

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Karyotype

Back 43

Photograph depicting the chromosomes in a normal cell

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histones

Back 44

dna wraps around this protein structure

Front 45

cytokinesis

Back 45

division of the cytoplasm

Front 46

meiosis

Back 46

production of the sex cells or gametes

Front 47

diploid

Back 47

cells with 2 sets of chromosomes, 2n

Front 48

haploid

Back 48

half of the chromosomes after duplication occurs

Front 49

mitosis

Back 49

division of prokaryotic cells into 2 offspring

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clevage furrow

Back 50

area of the cell membrane that pinches in and seperates the dividing cell

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chromatin

Back 51

thin strands of DNA, less tightly packed

Front 52

autosomes

Back 52

all other chromosomes besides the sex cells

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cell cycle

Back 53

repeating set of events that make up the life of the cell

Front 54

cell wall

Back 54

forms in plant cells during cytokinesis

Front 55

dihybrid

Back 55

cross involving 2 traits, shows possible outcomes of offspring

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heredity

Back 56

transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring

Front 57

P1

Back 57

parental generation

Front 58

homozygous

Back 58

having 2 alleles that are the same for a given trait

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allele

Back 59

Each of several alternative forms of a gene

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Law of segregation

Back 60

Pair of factors is segregated, or separated, during the formation of gametes

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test cross

Back 61

Cross used to find the genotype of an unknown individual

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phenotype

Back 62

physical apperance of an organism

Front 63

genotype

Back 63

genetic make-up of an organism

Front 64

F1

Back 64

First filial, or first generation of offspring

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monohybrid

Back 65

cross involving one trait, shows possible combination of genes in offspring

Front 66

punnett square

Back 66

tool used to predict the outcome of different types of crosses

Front 67

heterozygous

Back 67

when 2 of the alleles in a pair are different

Front 68

Law of independent assortment

Back 68

States that factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently

Front 69

nucleotide

Back 69

Building blocks of DNA. A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar and a nitrogen base

Front 70

deoxyribose

Back 70

The five carbo sugars that make up the backbone of DNA

Front 71

amino acids

Back 71

building blocks of proteins

Front 72

hydrogen bonds

Back 72

hold the nitrogen bases or rungs together in a DNA molecule

Front 73

translation

Back 73

The interpreting of mRNA to make proteins

Front 74

transcription

Back 74

The copying of DNA moleculs to mRNA

Front 75

DNA Polymeares

Back 75

The enzyme that is responsible for replicating molecules of DNA by attaching complementary bases in the correct sequence

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helicase

Back 76

Enzymes that are responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds that hold the complementary strands together

Front 77

replication

Back 77

the process in which DNA copies itself

Front 78

Function of enzymes

Back 78

break down substrates

Front 79

what enzyme did we test in the lab

Back 79

catalase

Front 80

what was the function of the enzyme

Back 80

break down H2O2 into H2 + O2

Front 81

Basic unit of DNA

Back 81

nucleotide

Front 82

test cross

Back 82

Cross used to find the genotype of an unknown individual

Front 83

phenotype

Back 83

physical apperance of an organism

Front 84

genotype

Back 84

genetic make-up of an organism

Front 85

F1

Back 85

First filial, or first generation of offspring

Front 86

monohybrid

Back 86

cross involving one trait, shows possible combination of genes in offspring

Front 87

punnett square

Back 87

tool used to predict the outcome of different types of crosses

Front 88

heterozygous

Back 88

when 2 of the alleles in a pair are different

Front 89

Law of independent assortment

Back 89

States that factors for different characteristics are distributed to gametes independently

Front 90

nucleotide

Back 90

Building blocks of DNA. A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, a five carbon sugar and a nitrogen base

Front 91

deoxyribose

Back 91

The five carbo sugars that make up the backbone of DNA

Front 92

amino acids

Back 92

building blocks of proteins

Front 93

hydrogen bonds

Back 93

hold the nitrogen bases or rungs together in a DNA molecule

Front 94

translation

Back 94

The interpreting of mRNA to make proteins

Front 95

transcription

Back 95

The copying of DNA moleculs to mRNA

Front 96

DNA Polymeares

Back 96

The enzyme that is responsible for replicating molecules of DNA by attaching complementary bases in the correct sequence