Biology

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Prokaryotes

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Unicellular organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus.

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Eukaryotes

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Have true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles.

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Nitrogen Fixation

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Convert nitrogen from the atmosphere into forms that can be used by plants.

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Decomposers

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Break down dead plants and animals, returning organic materials to the system.

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Photosynthetic bacteria

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Use light as energy source in similar process to photosynthesis.

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Chemosynthetic bacteria

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Use energy from oxidation of inorganic substances.

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Bacilli

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Rod-shaped bacteria group.

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Cocci

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Small spherical bacteria.

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Spirilla

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Corkscrew-shaped bacteria.

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Cyanobacteria

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Blue-green algae. Has pigment chlorophyll a and use water in photosynthetic process. Different than other photosynthetic prokaryotes, but like photosynthetic eukaryotes.

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Unicellular form

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Not in a colony.

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Gelatinous sheath

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Protective covering around bacteria.

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Colonial form

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Bacteria living in large groups.

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Kingdom Fungi

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Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, generally multicellular, but still microscopic and often found on bacterial cultures.

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Nucleoid region

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Area in prokaryotic cells that contains the DNA.

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Prokaryotes kingdoms are?

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Bacteria and Archaea.

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Protists

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Contain many eukaryote single-celled and colonial organisms that simply do not belong in any other kingdom.

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Paramecium

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Animal-like protists, often referred to as Protozoans, single-celled organism belonging to the Phylum, which contains the largest single-celled organisms, and most complex protozoans.

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Cilia

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Hair-like extensions on the cellular membrane for movement.

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Oral groove

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A fold on one long side of the cell that collects food particles.

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Cytopharynx

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The lower end of the oral groove.

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Food vacuole

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Blob that surrounds food particles to allow it to move through the cell. Digestive enzymes go in and digest the food particles.

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Anal pore

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Where the food vacuole empties its contents

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Contractile vacuoles

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Removes excess fluids from the cell. Paramecium have two.

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Macronucleus

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Controls cells maintenance functions.

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Micronucleus.

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Controls cells genetic and reproductive functions.

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Conjugation

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Two ciliate cells exchange micronuclei and thus genetic material.

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Euglena

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Has both plant and animal characteristics.

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Phagocytosis

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The ability to surround and ingest food particles.

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Pellicle

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A layer of elastic proteins just inside the cell membrane

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Flagellum

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Whiplike structure which emerges from a canal at the anterior end of the cell

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Stigma

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Eyespot, a light sensitive structure containing pigments known as carotenoids. Just interior to the flagellum.

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Chloroplasts

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Photosynthetic organelles

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Pyrenoids

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organelles that store sugars.

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Pseudopodia movement

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Use pseudopodia which extend from the body, then pull the rest of the cell along.

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Cellulose

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Complex carbohydrate polymer that makes up cell wall

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Endosymbiont Theory

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Chloroplasts and other cellular "powerhouses" were once prokaryotic , and they were engulfed by other host cells and developed a symbiotic relationship.

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Cytoplasmic streaming

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Chloroplasts moving throughout suspended cytoplasm.

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Cytoplasmic strands

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Connect different bacteria cells to each other.

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Daughter colonies

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Created inside a parent cell.

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Parent colony

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Cell that holds daughter colonies. Burst when they mature.

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Plasmolysis

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Cellular shrinkage occuring as a result of a cell being exposed to a hypertonic solution.