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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gnathostomes
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• Jaws
• 2 sets of paired appendages • Ossified skeletons & teeth • Lateral line system (aquatic) |
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Evolution of the hinged jaw
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• From gill arches (supporting rods)
• New food sources available – Still use gill slits for respiration • First seen in Placoderms |
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Placoderms
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• “Plate skinned”
– Armour • 1-10 m • Hinged jaws and two pairs of appendages • No teeth - sharp bony plates |
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Evolution of Teeth
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• True teeth first seen in sharks and relatives
– Set into jaw – Layered • Evolved from scales? |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Class: Chondrichthyes |
(Sharks, Rays, and
their relatives) • Skeleton primarily composed of cartilagesome calcium. Teeth are bony. • (~750 species) • Largest are suspension feeders – Most are not: spiral valve increases SA of digestive tract • Gains buoyancy by storing oil in liver – Swimming assists in gas exchange |
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Sharks' Senses
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• Acute senses
– Sharp vision, but without color – Electrosensory capability – No ear drums • Entire body vibrates – Nostrils for smelling • Gills for breathing |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Superclass: Osteichthyes |
(Bony Fishes)
• Now includes tetrapods • When did shift to bony skeleton occur? • 4/5 pair of gills – Covered by operculum • Control buoyancy – With swim bladder |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Superclass: Osteichthyes Class: Actinopterygii |
-most common
– Ray-finned fish (bass, trout, perch, tuna, etc) |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Infraphylum: Gnathostomata Superclass: Osteichthyes Class: Actinista |
– Lobe-finned
– Bone and muscle in pelvic and pectoral fins – Thought extinct…..they aren’t |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Sarcopterygii Subclass: Dipnoi |
3 genera of lungfish
– Also lobe-finned – Stagnant water – Surface to breathe (Can survive pond shrinking) – Still use gills also |
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Origin of Tetrapods
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The fins became progressively more limb-like
while the rest of the body retained adaptations for aquatic life |
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Tetrapods
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• The third lineage
of lobe-finned fish • 4 legs • Ears for detecting airborne sounds |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Craniata Superclass: Tetrapoda Class: Amphibia |
(salamanders, frogs, caecilians)
• Salamanders [order Urodela: “tailed”] • Frogs [order Anura: “tail-less”] • Caecilians [order Apoda: “leg-less”] • Amphibian = “two lives” (not in all species) – Many undergo metamorphosis – Tadpole (aquatic herbivore): gills – Terrestrial adult (carnivore): lungs & skin (moist habitats… moist skin assists lungs in gas exchange) |
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Amniotes
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• Amniotic egg
– Protection from desiccation • “Reptiles,” mammals, birds |
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Amniotic egg
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Allantois- Store wastes, gas exchange
Amnion- Protection Yolk sac- nutrients Shell- waterproof Chorion- gas exchange Albumin- nutrients |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata (unranked) Amniota Class: Mammalia |
• Milk, mammary glands
• Hair (keratin) • Limbs placed under body • Endothermic • Differentiated teeth (vs. “reptiles”) • Three inner ear bones • Lower jaw = 1 bone |
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Mammal Ear Bones
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3 inner ear bones
Stapes Incus Malleus |
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Mammal lower jaw
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One bone
(formerly many) |
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Class Mammalia:
three major groups |
• Monotremes
• Marsupials • Eutheria (Placental mammals) |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia (unranked) Australosphenida Order: Monotremata |
• Only a few species remain
• Lay eggs • Restricted to Australian region |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Marsupialia |
• Live young, nipples (like eutherians)
• Young are born early, kept in pouch • Diversified on southern continents |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Subclass: Theria Infraclass: Eutheria |
(placentals)
• Longer pregnancy than marsupials • Most diverse group of mammals • Diversified on northern continents |
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“Reptiles”
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• Scales (contain keratin) – waterproof
• Most rely solely on lungs • Includes the tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds, and the extinct dinosaurs • Most are ectothermic (absorb external heat as the main source of body heat) – Birds are endothermic (capable of keeping body warm through metabolism) |
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Turtles & Tortoises
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• Appeared during Mesozoic
– Similar to current turtles • Hard shell - protection from predators – Plates fused with parts of vertebrae, ribs, sternum |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Order: Squamata |
(lizards and snakes)
• Lizards: most diverse reptiles today • Snakes: probably descended from lizards – Alternate methods of locomotion – Feel vibrations to sense predators – Vestigial pelvic and limb bones |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida (unranked) Archosauria Superorder: Crocodylomorpha Order: Crocodilia |
• Most living species large, tropical
• Morphology has changed little • Mostly aquatic |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata (unranked) Archosauria Class: Aves |
(birds)
• Highly modified for flight – Light weight • Honeycombed bones • Absence/reduction of some organs – Energy • Endotherms • 4 chambered heart – Wings • Feathers: keratin • Non-passerines • Rattites are sister to all other birds • Doves, gulls, shorebirds, herons, etc. • Passerines (perching birds or songbirds) |
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Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Archaeopterygiformes Family: Archaeopterygidae Genus: Archaeopteryx |
-bird-reptile
– Late Jurassic – Reptile like: • Clawed forelimbs • Teeth • Tail with vertebrae |
