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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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taxonomy |
the naming & classifying of organisms |
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classification of organisms |
ranking organisms in a hierarchy of categories |
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founder effect |
starting w/ a small number, going somewhere and beginning a new "species" |
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genus |
group of a number of closely related species |
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species |
populations that can potentially interbreed under natural conditions |
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the founder of taxonomy |
Carolus Linnaeus (Carl Von Linne), developed a binomial system of nomenclature |
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Lilium superbum L. |
Genus species (species is always paired with genus) |
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systematics |
patterns of evolutionary descent (e.g. common ancestry) |
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convergent evolution |
unrelated organisms, similar body forms/adaptations/etc |
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common ancestry |
similarities between 2 kinds organisms through inheriting a common ancestor |
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example of common ancestry |
homologous structures, i.e. finger bones of dolphins, bats & humans |
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phylogenetic trees |
evolutionary trees that represent phylogeny, the sequence in which evolution occurred |
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molecular genetics |
evolutionary relationships that are deciphered through DNA sequences |
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clades |
groups that include all organisms descended from a common ancestor |
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taxonomic ranks |
within a clade & in order; SGFOCPKD: species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain |
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Two Kingdom System |
original system classifying all life as either plant kingdom or animal kingdom |
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five kingdom system |
protista (the single celled eukaryotes), fungi, plantae, monera (prokaryotes), animalia |
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domains of life (3) |
i. bacteria ii. archea iii. eukarya |
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three domain system origin |
carl woese |
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change in classifications |
species level frequently change, multiple may be recognized ex. now there are african elephants & asian elephants recognized |
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biological species |
population (or group of populations) whose members interbreeed freely with one another (under natural conditions) but do not interbreed with members of other populations |
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phylogenetic species |
species defined as the smallest diagnosable group that contains all of descendants of single common ancestor |
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biodiversity |
# and variety of earth's species |
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earth's biodiversity |
reflected by named organisms that are known through: size, ease of classification, accessibility, number of researchers searching for them |
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loss of biodiversity caused by |
deforestation |
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species |
groups of populations that evolve independently |
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biological species concept |
groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations |
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reproductively isolating mechanisms |
traits that prevent interbreeding & maintain reproductive isolation & restrict gene flow |
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premating isolating mechanisms |
prevent mating between species |
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postmating isolating mechanisms |
factors that prevent formation of vigourous, fertile hybrids/offspring after mating between two species |
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temporal isolation |
species do not breed because they breed at different times |
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geographic isolation |
species do not interbreed because a physical barrier separates them |
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ecological isolation |
species do not interbreed because even if they are within the same area they occupy different habitats |
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behavioral isolation |
species do not interbreed because they have different courtship & mating rituals |
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mechanical incompatibility |
species do not interbreed because their reproductive structures are incompatible |
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gametic incompatibility |
sperm from one species cannot fertilize eggs of another species |
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hybrid inviability |
hybrid offspring fail to survive (live) |
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hybrid infertility |
hybrid offspring are sterile & have low fertility |
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separate species |
if geographically separated populations can come back into contact & freely interbreed, they are separate species if not, they are evolved into separate species |
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speciation |
the process by which new species form |
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isolation of populations |
two populations will not grow increasingly different unless something happens to block interbreeding |
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genetic divergence of populations |
two populations will become separate species if they are isolated & will evolve sufficiently different enough that if reunited, cannot interbreed & produce fertile offspring |
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allopatric speciation |
two populations are geographically separated from one another |
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sympatric speciation |
two populations share the same geographic area |
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polyploidy |
mutations that cause double or more of the basic number of chromosomes
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adaptive radiation |
when populations of one species invade a variety of new habitats & evolve in response to the habitats |
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extinction |
the death of the last members of any species often cause by environmental change |
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evolutionary tree |
depicts evolutionary history endpoint: represents a living species fork: represents speciation event |
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population |
group that includes all the members of a society living in a given area |
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patterns of inheritance |
gregor mendel |
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inheritance of traits |
tall (T) short (t) short: tt tall: TT Tt |
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gene |
segment of DNA located at particular place on chromosome |
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enzyme |
protein catalyses particular reaction in cell & determisical characteristicsnes phy |
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allele |
one of several forms of particular gene |
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homozygous |
carrying 2 copies of same allele of given gene |
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heterozygous |
carrying 2 different alleles of given gene |
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genotype |
genetic composition of organism |
