Biology 1408 Test #4

Front 1

biosphere

Back 1

?

Front 2

community

Back 2

the biotic environment; a geographic area defined as a loose assemblage of species with overlapping ranges.

Front 3

niche

Back 3

the way an organism utilizes the resources of its environment including the space it requires, the food it consumes, and timing of reproduction

Front 4

population

Back 4

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic region

Front 5

ecosystem

Back 5

a community of biological organisms and the non living components with which they interact

Front 6

angiosperm

Back 6

vascular, seed producing flowering and fruit bearing plants, in which the seeds are enclosed in an ovule within the ovary

Front 7

antigen

Back 7

individual's blood type alleles carry instructions that direct construction of a specific set of chemicals that protrude from every red blood cell.
they help with the immune system.

Front 8

Archaea

Back 8

a group of prokaryotes that are evolutionarily distinct from bacteria and that thrives in some of the most extreme environments on earth; one of the three domains of life

Front 9

bacilli

Back 9

rod shaped bacteria

Front 10

Bacteria

Back 10

simplest and most effective organism, contains everything needed with no extra baggage.
may be classified by their shape
they divide and double every generation

Front 11

bats

Back 11

slow, gradual reproductive investment
reaches sexual maturity at one year
produces about one offspring per year

Front 12

binary fission

Back 12

asexual cell division method used by prokaryotes.
can occur extremely fast as in the bacteria E. coli

Front 13

birds

Back 13

one branch of reptile lineage, similar in bones and DNA sequence.

Front 14

bryophytes

Back 14

three groups of plants that use diffusion to move substances. They are liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
Non vascular (they do not have vessels to transport water and food)

Front 15

bumblebees

Back 15

pollenators
short life
arthropods, segmented sections, endoskeleton made of chitin

Front 16

cacti

Back 16

angiosperms

Front 17

capsid

Back 17

the protein container in a virus
the genetic material can either be DNA or RNA

Front 18

cell membrane

Back 18

phospholipids
all organisms have them

Front 19

cell wall

Back 19

protects and gives shape to the cell
enhances the prokaryotes ability to anchor themselves in place
made up of peptidoglycan

Front 20

cellulose

Back 20

forms a huge variety of plant structures that are visible around us.
found in trees, cotton, leaves, and grass

Front 21

cherry trees

Back 21

angiosperms

Front 22

chitin

Back 22

forms rigid outer skeleton of most insects and crustaceans (lobsters and crabs)
carbohydrate chitin is important in producing the exoskeleton of insects and in the make up of the cell wall of fungi (instead of cellulose)

Front 23

cocci

Back 23

spherical shaped bacteria

Front 24

commensalism

Back 24

interaction in which one species benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed

Front 25

conifers

Back 25

one of the groups of gymnosperms
found in colder temps and sometime drier regions
source of timber
pines, spruces, firs, cedars, hemlocks, yews, larches, cypresses

Front 26

cycads

Back 26

one group of gymnosperms
slow growing
tropical and subtropical regions
resemble palm trees
facing extinction

Front 27

cytoplasm

Back 27

fluid that fills the inside of a cell

Front 28

daughter cells

Back 28

result of binary fission
the two cells that come from the parent cell after replication

Front 29

density-dependent

Back 29

the number of individuals in a given area
causes discomfort and population growth is limited because limited resources slow it down

Front 30

density-independent

Back 30

factors that can knock a population down
weather, geology based
floods, earthquakes, fire, lightening, habitat destruction by another species (humans)

Front 31

desiccation

Back 31

when a plant dries out
(evolving from desiccation)
plants- develop cuticle
animals- amniotic egg

Front 32

diploid stage

Back 32

cells that have two copies of each chromosome

Front 33

DNA

Back 33

a nucleic acid
directs the production of proteins in living organisms
determine the inherited characteristics of an individual

Front 34

ecology

Back 34

sub-discipline of biology defined as the study of the interactions between organisms and their environments
can be studied on many different levels: individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems.

Front 35

embryos

Back 35

stage in the development of an organism where we can see a common ancestry that may have once existed.
gill pouches and a bony tail in sharks, turtles, chickens, and humans.

Front 36

eukarya

Back 36

domain that includes all living organisms we can see
have a membrane enclosed nucleus and each kingdom is almost entirely multicellular
microbes are found in this domain also

Front 37

eukaryotic cells

Back 37

has a central control structure called a nucleus which contains the DNA

Front 38

ferns

Back 38

most familiar of the vascular plants
distribute water and nutrients throughout plant with a "circulatory system" of vascular tissue
release haploid spores, dispersed by the wind, which grows and produces gametes
life cycle with free-living, multicellular haploid and diploid phases (12,000 species)

Front 39

fertilization

Back 39

sexual process of fusion of two reproductive cells
pollination

Front 40

flowering plants

Back 40

angiosperms
distribute water and nutrients through plant with a circulatory system
produce flowers which produce gametes
seeds are enclosed in an ovule
250,000 species

Front 41

fruiting bodies

Back 41

reproductive packets made up of the embryo
fruit develops from the ovary right around the seeds, which develop from the ovules.
every fruit used to be a flower

Front 42

gametes

Back 42

sex cells

Front 43

gametophyte

Back 43

seed plants have a very small life stage that produces haploid gametes.
haploid plant forming

Front 44

gestation period

Back 44

the time in which a fetus developes

Front 45

ginkgos

Back 45

one species in gymnosperms
fan shaped leaves that are nearly identical in shape and size
emits a foul odor

Front 46

gnetophyte

Back 46

composed of 3 groups
most are a shrub like plant sometimes used as a herbal remedy for respiratory ailments

Front 47

gram-negative

Back 47

the layer of peptidoglycan lies beneath a membrane and is not stained by the dye

Front 48

gram-positive

Back 48

thick layer of peptidoglycan that dyes purple, on the outside of the call wall.

Front 49

grasses

Back 49

?

Front 50

gymnosperm

Back 50

one of the two groups of seed bearing plants
pines, firs, redwoods

Front 51

fruiting bodies

Back 51

reproductive packets made up of the embryo
fruit develops from the ovary right around the seeds, which develop from the ovules.
every fruit used to be a flower

Front 52

gametes

Back 52

sex cells

Front 53

gametophyte

Back 53

seed plants have a very small life stage that produces haploid gametes.
haploid plant forming

Front 54

gestation period

Back 54

the time in which a fetus developes

Front 55

ginkgos

Back 55

one species in gymnosperms
fan shaped leaves that are nearly identical in shape and size
emits a foul odor

Front 56

gnetophyte

Back 56

composed of 3 groups
most are a shrub like plant sometimes used as a herbal remedy for respiratory ailments

Front 57

gram-negative

Back 57

the layer of peptidoglycan lies beneath a membrane and is not stained by the dye

Front 58

gram-positive

Back 58

thick layer of peptidoglycan that dyes purple, on the outside of the call wall.

Front 59

grasses

Back 59

?

Front 60

gymnosperm

Back 60

one of the two groups of seed bearing plants
pines, firs, redwoods

Front 61

hummingbird

Back 61

smallest of the vertebrates chordate (notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail)

Front 62

hyphae

Back 62

multicellular thread like structures made from long strings of cells
bc of the thinness and length they have a big surface area

Front 63

leaves

Back 63

?

Front 64

lignin

Back 64

secondary call wall laid down later in a plant life
gives the wall much of its strength and rigidity
strength remains after the plant dies (as in trees which is why it is so useful in building etc)

Front 65

mammals

Back 65

?

Front 66

microbial cells

Back 66

most abundant organisms on earth
don't have respiratory, circulatory, digestive, or nervous systems bc they are too small to need them

Front 67

mitochondria

Back 67

organelle that converts the energy stored in food into a form usable by the cell

Front 68

mosses

Back 68

most familiar non vascular
can grow in habitats from arctic and alpine regions to the tropics

Front 69

moths

Back 69

pollinator with a good sense of smell

Front 70

mutualism

Back 70

a relationship in which both species gain and neither are harmed

Front 71

mycelium

Back 71

hyphae interconnects to form this mass of tissue

Front 72

mycorrhizae

Back 72

round structures and fibers closely associated with the fine rootlets and root hairs
in the roots of a plant

Front 73

orchids

Back 73

flower
some have long tubes

Front 74

ovaries

Back 74

in a plant:
enclosed chamber at the base that contains one or more ovules where eggs develope

Front 75

ovules

Back 75

female gametophyte in plants

Front 76

parasitism

Back 76

symbiotic relationship in which the host is harmed while the organism benefits
ecto- (live on host)
endo- (live inside host)

Front 77

pathogenic bacteria

Back 77

(disease causing)
some cannot be cured (plague, cholera)
some can (acne, strep)

Front 78

peptidoglycan

Back 78

layer of glycoprotein on call walls of bacteria

Front 79

photoautotroph

Back 79

bacteria
use energy from sunlight to produce glucose via photosynthesis
contain chlorophyll

Front 80

pili

Back 80

thin hair-like projections that help prokaryotes attach to surfaces
sex bridge

Front 81

pine trees

Back 81

?

Front 82

pollen grain

Back 82

male gametophyte of seed plants

Front 83

pollination

Back 83

getting the pollen to the vicinity of the ovule
in angiosperms: transfer of pollen from the male to the female
a pollen grain sticks to the stigma, forms a tube that grows until it reaches the ovule, and thus provides a route for sperm to travel down the tube to fertilize

Front 84

population density

Back 84

limitations on a population growth

Front 85

predation

Back 85

interaction between two species in which one species eats the other
one of the most important forces shaping the composition and abundance of species in a community

Front 86

prokaryotes

Back 86

does not have a nucleus
DNA resides in the middle of the cell

Front 87

reproduction

Back 87

two types
asexual where daughter cell inherits DNA from a single parental cell
sexual where a combination of DNA from two separate individuals is passed on

Front 88

ribosomes

Back 88

granular bodies where proteins are made
thousands of them are scattered throughout the cytoplasm

Front 89

RNA

Back 89

one type of nucleic acid
sugar molecule contains extra oxygen
has only one sugar phosphate backbone
includes uracil instead of thymine

Front 90

roots

Back 90

the part of the plant below the ground used to obtain needed substances from the soil

Front 91

seeds

Back 91

an embryonic plant with its own supple of water and nutrients encased within a protective coating

Front 92

spirilli

Back 92

spiral shaped bacteria

Front 93

spores

Back 93

single cell containing DNA, RNA, and a few proteins
released when a capsule ruptures
ones that land in moist, sheltered spots grow into new (haploid) male or female moss plants

Front 94

survivorship curve

Back 94

shows the proportion of individuals of a particular age that are alive in a population

Front 95

viruses

Back 95

very diverse and important biological entities
not included in tree of life bc they are not considered living
can replicate
lack metabolism

Front 96

yeast

Back 96

one of the most commonly encountered fungi
only single-celled fungi