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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Ecology
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The study of relationship between organisms and their environment & each other
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Define Ecosystem
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Basic unit of study in ecology
Composed of biotic & abiotic factors |
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Define Habitat
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the physical place in the environment that an organism occupies
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Define Niche
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organisms place and function in ecosystem
includes adaptations, specializations |
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What is the specific CHEMICAL defenses used by plants to discourage herbivory
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glycosides (cyanogenic, cardic, saponins)
phenolics (polyphenolics, tannins) Alkaloids Terpenes |
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What is the specific PHYSICAL defenses used by plants to discourage herbivory
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thorns, spines
tough leaves or epidermis hairs |
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What is the specific CHEMICAL defenses used by plants to COMPETE with other plants
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allelopathy: inhibition of seed germination or early seedling growth caused by chemical secretions from another plant
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What is the specific PHYSICAL defenses used by plants to COMPETE with other plants
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fast growth rates, climb/live on other plants, specialize in low light growth
symbiotic relationship with bacteria/fungi |
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What are food chains?
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the list of who eats whom P.468
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What are food webs?
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more complex, multiple food chains, takes into account many interations
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What is Transpiration
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The movement of water into the roots, up the stem, and out of the leaves
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Where does Transpiration happen
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Root: in the root hairs in the tip by osmosis
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What organs are involved in transpiration?
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water moves through the xylem
tracheids & vessels |
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What is the Cohesion-Tension Theory
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Water molecules stick to one another (cohesion) and is pulled up the xylem through the roots.
Tension is created at the top fo the column (leaves) and pulls water from the column |
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What factors INCREASE the rate of transpiration?
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anything that opens the stomata
Light, low CO2 anything that increases evaporation increased temp, low humidity, increased air flow |
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What factors DECREASE the rate of transpiration?
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Closes the stomata
darkness, high temp, too much water loss Decreases evaporation decrease in temp, high humidity, and decreased air flow |
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What is translocation?
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the movement of food withint he plant from source to SINK
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What is SOURCE
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Where nutrients are coming from
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what is SINK
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where nutrients are going
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What cells and organs are involved in translocation
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sieve tube, companion cells
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What is the plant major nutrients
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C, H, O, N, P, K
highest concentration in the plant and needed in large amounts |
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What is the plants MINOR nutrients
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Fe, Mg, Ca, S
less concentration then then Major |
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What is the plants MICRONUTRIENTS
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Cu, B, Mn, Mo, Zn, Co
toxic in high amounts |
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What use are nutrients in the plant
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organic molecules: Carbs & lipids- C, H, O; proteins- CHONS
osmotic balance: K, Ca important for cell wall formation Plant pigments: Fe, Mg |
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what are the sources of nutrients in the plant
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athmosphere CO2, water H2O
Mineral: nitrogen, rocks Secondary: recycled from decomposition Fertilizers |
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what are the general components of soil
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complex mixture of living and non-living
components from by weathering rock and the action of living organisms |
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What is the structure of soil
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O-Litter
A-Top B-Sub soil (red clay) C- Parent Rock |
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How does soil form?
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bare rock
lichens mosses grasses shrubs trees |
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what are the advantages of hydroponics
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grow plants in less space and unusual places
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what are the disadvantages of hydroponics
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expensive, wasteful of energy, and nutrients
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what is the nature and function of secondary plant compounds
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once thought to be useless
may prevent herbivory, bacterial infectio often has an important taste or smell |
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What are the effects of caffeine
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stimulant that increases the pulse, BP and respiration
May cause insomnia, irritability, nervousness HIGH amounts can cause birth defects |
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how is coffee processed
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seed is harvested and roasted for flavor
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how is tea made
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tea leaves are dried and flavored with essential oils on the leaves
Some are fermented Black tea- long fermentation oolong tea- short fermentation |
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how is chocolate processed
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harvested: pods are split open and seeds removed, fermented for 2-7 days then dried
Beans are blended or roasted |
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Coca-Cola
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Seeds fermented, dried, crushed, and soaked in water
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what is an herb
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usually leaves or seeds or temperate plants
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What is a spice
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usually a seed, fruit, bark, or tropical plant with a stronger flavor
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What 2 examples of a spice and use
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Cinnamom- Inner bark of the conifer tree
Nutmeg |
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name 2 herbs and uses
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Oregano, parsley
mustard Garlic, shallot, onion |
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Why was the spice trade historically important
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important driving force for exploring asia and the new world.
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Name a few spices and where on the plant it comes from
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vanilla: fruit pods
allspice: berries like peppercorn Black pepper- whole brry white pepper- just seed |
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What are the four major families of herbs
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mint, parsley, mustard/cabbage, lily
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give an example of the mint herb family
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oregano, basil, peppermint, spearmint, thyme, sage
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give examples of the parsley herb family
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parsely, caraway, fennel, dill, anise, cilantro, cumin
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give examples of the mustard/cabbage herb family
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mustard, horseradish
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give examples of the lily herb family
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garlic, shallot, onion
generally a 3 part flower |
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What is the difference between ATP and ADP
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Adenosine TRIphosphate (energized)
Adenosine DIphosphate (unenergized) Used for almost all activities in the cell. mechanical movement, active transport, and chemical reactions |
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What is a population
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bunch of the same organisms that reproduce
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what is a community
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different groups of living species
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What is a Trophic Level
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1 step on the food chain
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What is a producer
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lowest level on the food chain that depends on photosynthesis
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What is a consumer
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multiple levels of a consumer
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What is a autotroph
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produces it own food like plants, algae
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What is a heterotroph
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something that consumes food
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What are the properties of energy?
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energy cannot be created or destroyed
Energy is lost as heat and flows straight through and is transformed rather than recycled |
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What are the properties of nutrients
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it is always recycled
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What happens at ATP
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Raw energy starts as ADP and is energized then turns int o ATP.
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What happens to NADPH, NADH, FADH2
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it is energized from the hydrogen and electrons. It transports molecules
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How are electrons and hydrogen involved in the energy flow of organisms
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Electrons are used to pass around energy. This energy is used to pass hydrogen though the cel
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