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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The absorptive surface of the small intestine made up of thousands of microvilli found on enterocytes
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Carbohydrate
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Organic compound made up of varying numbers of monosaccarides
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Complex Carbohydrate
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Category of carbohydrates that includes olisaccharides and polysaccharides
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Disaccharide
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Carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides bonded together
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Duodenum
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The first segment of the small intestine
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Fiber
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Polysaccharide found in plants that is not digested or absorbed in the human small intestine
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Gestational Diabetes
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type of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance that develops in pregnancy
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Glucagon
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Hormone secreted by the pancreatic a-cells in response to decreased blood glucose
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Gluconeogenesis
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Synthesis of glucose from noncarboydrate sources
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Glucose
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A six-carbon monosaccaride produced in plants by photosynthesis
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Glycogen
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Polysaccaride consisting of highly branched arrangements of glucose molecules found primarily in liver and skeletal muscle
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Hormone
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substances released from glands or cells in response to various stimuli that exert their effort by binding to receptors on specific tissues
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Insulin
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hormone secreted by the pancreatic b-cells in response to increased blood glucose
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Insulin resistance
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condition characterized by the inability of insulin receptors to respond to the hormone insulin
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Lactase
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intestinal enzyme that hyrolyes lactose into glucose and galactose
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Lactose
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disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose; produced by mammary glands
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Monosaccharide
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Carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar
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Photosynthesis
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process whereby plants trap energy from the sun to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water
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Polysaccharide
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complex carbohydrate made of many monosaccharides
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Simple Carbohydrate
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(or simple sugar)
category of carbohydrates consisting of mono- or disaccarides |
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Sucrose
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disaccaride consisting of glucose and fructose; primarily found in fruits and veggies
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Sucrase
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Intestinal enzyme that hydrolyzes sucrose into glucose and fructose
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Type 1 Diabetes
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Previously known as juvenile onset diabetes, results when the pancreas is no longer able to produce insulin due to a loss of insulin producing b-cells of the pancreas
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Type 2 Diabetes
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Previously known as adult onset diabetes; results when insulin requiring cells have difficulty responding to insulin in a normal. way
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Which molecules are considered a storage form of carbohydrates?
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glycogen; starch
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what is the enzyme used to facilitate the conversation of sucros to glucose + fructose?
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sucrase
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Which sugar is the most useful form of carbohyrate to provide fuel to the cells?
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glucose
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The organ responsible for regulating blood glucose levels is?
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Pancreas
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Where does fiber come from?
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Only from plants
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Amyases
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The enzyme that takes part in carbohydrate digestion
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Is glucose a monosacdharide?
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True
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Where does the chemical digestion of carbohydrate molecules take place?
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duodenum and mouth
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A fatty acid that has two or more double bonds is called?
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polyunsaturated
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What type of lipid molecule from the following list can interact with both water and lipid?
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phospholipid
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Which molecules enter the intestinal cells as part of the chylomicron?
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monoglycerids
long chain fatty acids cholesterol |
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What are two sources of saturated fatty acids?
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milk and eggs
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What is a precursor to hormones associated with glucose metabolism?
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cholesterol
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What kind of lipid contains the most cholesterol?
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LDL
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In the digestion of fats, bile functions as a
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detergent
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What is an example of a food with a high level of saturated fat?
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coconut oil
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The melting point of polyunsaturated fats is ?
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lowface
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What is a polysaturated fatty acid?
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One that has two or more double bonds
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What is a phospholipid?
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A lipid molecule that can interact with both water and lipid
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Do short chain fatty acids enter the intestinal cells as a part of the chylomicron?
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no, but monoglycerides, long chain fatty acids and cholesterol
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What is a food that is a good source of saturated fatty acids?
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milk and eggs
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What is a precursor to the hormones associated with glucose metabolism?
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cholesterol
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40 g carb and 20 g of fat equals
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50% total energy as fat
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Which protein contains the most cholesterol?
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LDL
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What does someone eat if they are a lactovegetarian?
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milk and plant foods, but not eggs or meat
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negative nitrogen balance is?
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When someone excretes more grams of protein then they consumed.
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Enzymes to complete the digestion of proteins are produced by the
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pancreas, and epithelial cells of the small intestine
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what is the main function of the enzyme pepsin?
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cleaves proteins into smaller peptides
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does cholesterol contain nitrogen?
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no
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What is an example of a structural protein?
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collagen
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An individual who suffers from PKU (phenylketonuria) has to monitor their intake of this amino acid.
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phenylalanine
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what are directly involved in translation during protein synthesis?
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ribosomes, RNA, and amino acids
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lentils are a good source of?
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protein
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proteins make up about what percent of dry weight of cells?
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50%
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What are generated during Krebs Cycle or electron transport chain?
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water, carbon dioxide and ATP
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The useable form of energy for the cell to complete metabolic reactions directly involves
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ATP
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T or F: Glycogen is converted to glucose before undergoing glycolysis
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TRUE
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