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238 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Alternate forms of a gene
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alleles
|
|
Birds still have gene coding for teeth is what process?
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meiotic shift
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Genes being "turned on and left on" is what process?
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meiosis
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The difference between a benign and malignant tumor is that
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a malignant tumor can metastasize
|
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Alternate forms of a gene
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alleles
|
|
Birds still have gene coding for teeth is what process?
|
meiotic shift
|
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Genes being "turned on and left on" is what process?
|
meiosis
|
|
The difference between a benign and malignant tumor is that
|
a malignant tumor can metastasize
|
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During respiration in a eukaryotic cell reactions of glycolysis occur
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in the mitochondria
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Although still plagued by difficulties, human gene therapy has been used with greatest success to treat which medical issue?
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SCIDS
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What is the main function of cellular respiration
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to convert potential energy stored in glucose into potential energy stored in ATP
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Usually enzymes are
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proteins
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individuals heterozygous for a recessive genetic disorder are called
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carriers
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Many parents are having their newborn's umbilical cord frozen because the blood is
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rich in stem cells
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During the cell cycle, the replication of DNA
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occurs between the gap phases of interphase
|
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hypophosphatemia results
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all of the daughters but none of their sons will exhibit hypophosphatemia
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Which component is not directly involved in the process known as translation?
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DNA
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Which of the following is NOT a function of meiosis in humans
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production of eggs
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Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
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6 CO(2) + 6 H(2)O --->C6H1206+6 O2
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What does the ph in pharm stand for?
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potential hydrogen
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What is the exception for the 2 chromosome rule?
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gamete
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What do athletes build up?
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ATP
|
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homologous pairs of chromosomes frequently
|
contain different alleles
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In humans, monosomy involving an autosome is always fatal
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false
|
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going from a single cell to many cells in humans is
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cellular differentiation
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men are what for any traits carried on the x chromosome
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hemizygous
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the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy occurs during
|
photosynthesis
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Chemotherapuetic drugs...work by
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interrupting spindle formation and/or function during mitosis
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sequence of cell cycle is
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interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase
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wife is type o blood, father is type ab...percentage of child with type o?
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25 percent
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what occurs during tetrad formation?
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crossing over
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falure of chromosomes to separate correctly during anaphase is what?
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nondisjunction
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a glucose molecule contains what energy?
|
potential energy
|
|
skin color in humans is an example of
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a polygenic trait
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What is a mutation that does not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein?
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silent mutation
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why is it difficult to observe individual chromosomes
|
the DNA has not yet been replicated
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receiving a blood transfusion is best with
|
o- type blood
|
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each somatic cell in an individual with down syndrome contains what?
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47 chromosomes
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PCR is used to
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amplify small DNS samples to obtain enough for analysis
|
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gene therapy can cause
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cancer
|
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nucleotide base-pair substitutions are always less damaging than base pair insertions/deletions
|
true
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asexual reproduction; sexual reproduction
|
predictable; unpredictable
|
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what only has one chromosome set?
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a gamete
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how many fertilizations end in miscarriages?
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50 percent
|
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The S in SCNT stands for syndrome
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false
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enzyme used in pcr was was found; isolated from
|
in yellowstone hot springs; bacteria
|
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individuals Ss for b-hemoglobin
|
have 2 different alleles for b-hemoglobin; are carriers of sickle-cell anemia
|
|
polio is so debilitating because
|
it attacks tissues whose cell cycle has been turned off; it has an affinity for tissues of the central nervous system
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frequency of recessive allele..
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0.6
|
|
did spiders evolve?
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false
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is monosomy involving an autosome always fatal in humans?
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false
|
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what is associated with hypercholesterolemia?
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exocytosis
|
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oxygen comes from
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terrestrial plants and phytoplankton
|
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This cell does not have a mitochondria, ribosomes, smooth and rough ER
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a bacterium
|
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A DNA molecule is composed of complimentary strands of
|
phosphates
|
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This is an element
|
carbon
|
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What is the atomic number?
|
the protons and electrons too
|
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what is the mass number?
|
protons + neutrons
|
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what organelle is not surrounded by a membrane?
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ribosome
|
|
why do athletes do blood doping?
|
increase endurance
|
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if an atom has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic mass of 197 how many protons, neutrons and electrons?
|
79, 118, 79
|
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nitrogen's atomic number is 7, how many electrons?
|
7
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what is an example of an organic molecule?
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0(2)
|
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what is an ionic bond?
|
bond with charges
|
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what is a covalent bond?
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it shares electrons
|
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what is the process in which cells link monomers together to form polymers?
|
peptide joining
|
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b-hemoglobin is what type of biomolecule?
|
protein
|
|
in what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy?
|
cellulose
|
|
what isotope evidence was used to determine which of the ancient whales could ingest seawater as a source of water?
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radon isotopes
|
|
an anabolic steroid is a synthetic version of what naturally occurring hormone?
|
testosterone
|
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each nucleotide monomer consists of three parts. what are those parts?
|
a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base
|
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what are saturated fats saturated with?
|
hydrogen
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What are the major lipids of plasma membranes?
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phospholipids
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An enzyme destined for secretion from a cell would be manufactured by ribosomes
|
attached to the ER
|
|
if a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would
|
digest itself
|
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which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion?
|
cellulose in the lettuce
|
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a glucose molecule is to starch as
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a protein is to an amino acid
|
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Biological level of analysis just above the individual is the
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the population
|
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Water's surface tension and heat storage capacity are accounted for by its
|
hydrogen bonds
|
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which process depends on the brownian motion to move substances across cell membranes?
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diffusion
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Red on black is a friend of jack, but red on yellow can hurt a fellow
|
batesian mimicry
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when 2 solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane and osmosis is allowed to take place the water will
|
exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration
|
|
in a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will
|
burst
|
|
the term that comes closest to defining homeostasis is
|
self regulatory
|
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lactose intolerance demonstrates that the cells lining our small intestines cannot easily
|
absorb glycogen
|
|
ph of pure water
|
7
|
|
A--><---T,
|
G<------->C
|
|
a fatty diet increases chances with cancer in your
|
colon
|
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to decrease chance of colon cancer you would tell waiter to double the __ and hold the __
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lactose; cellulose
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What explains why life on earth is diverse, unified, and inter-connected?
|
evolution
|
|
individuals Ss for b-hemoglobin are
|
posessing 2 different alleles; are heterozygous
|
|
We went to mars in search of
|
water
|
|
smokers cough damages what?
|
vacuoles
|
|
what name is given to substances that resist changes in ph?
|
buffers
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what shape would a bunch of phospholipids assume if they were thrown into a cup of water?
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a long chain connected by hydrogen bonds
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when athletes "carbo load" they use __ to make __
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starch; glycogen
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Why do big food manufacturing corporations frequently hydrogenate the plant oils they put in their processed foods?
|
the hydrogenated oils have a longer shelf life
|
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whales and hippopotamuses are linked to a common ancestor by evidence from what bone?
|
the femur
|
|
what is implicated in the emergence of supergerms?
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antibiotic prescriptions; ingestion of genetically modified foods
|
|
Arms race...bark scorpion..grasshopper mice involved evolution through what?
|
proteins
|
|
The same type of bones make up what
|
limbs of humans whales, bats and cats; african desent
|
|
Abuse of antibiotics has done what?
|
hastened evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria; we see this in HIV
|
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What was DDT used for?
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Mosquitoes and transmit of malaria; used by WHO in 1960
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Charles Darwin did what?
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Helped society focus on diversity with Origin of the Species published in 1859
|
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What is basic idea of natural selection?
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populations can change over generations; individuals with certain heritable traits can produce more offspring--evolutionary adaptation
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What did Origin of the Species state?
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that earth was relatively young and was populated by unrelated species that did not change over time (Aristotle belief)
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Who started study of fossils in 1700s?
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Georges Buffon; earth might be older than 6,000 years
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Who suggested evolution by adaptation/ inheritance of acquired characteristics?
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Jean Baptiste Lamarck
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Who was Darwin influenced by?
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Writings of Charles Lyell; Darwin said that earth is very old and has been shaped by slow processes over time
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What are 2 points Darwin made?
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organisms today descended from ancestral species; natural selection was mechanism for descent with modification
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What are fossils and where are they found?
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preserved remnants or impressions left by organisms that lived in the past; found in sedimentary rocks
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What is the fossil record?
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chronology of fossil appearances in rock layers; testifies that organisms have appeared in a historical sequence; fits with other evidence of evolution
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What are paleontologists?
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Scientists that study fossils
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What is biogeography?
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the study of geographic distribution of a species; suggested to Darwin that we are from ancestors
|
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What is comparative anatomy?
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comparison of body structure between different species; evolution is a remodeling process; NS is a tinkerer not an engineer (ears of humans and monkeys)
|
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What is comparative embryology?
|
comparison of structures that appear during development of different organisms (chick embryo and human embryo)
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How can we see evolutionary relationships among species?
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Signs in comparison of DNA and genes of different organisms; signs in DNA and proteins
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What are Darwin's two observations of natural selection?
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1. All species produce in excessive numbers; (struggle for existence) 2. Heritable individual variation
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What is an inference of natural selection?
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differential reproductive success: those with traits best suited for the local environment leave more offspring
|
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Four facts of NS
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1. overproduction 2. limited environment 3. varied population 4. variability is heritable
|
|
Examples of NS?
|
1. pesticide resistance in insects 2. development of antibiotic resistant bacteria 3. drug resistant strains of HIV
|
|
Does evolution = NS?
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false
|
|
Four causes of evolution?
|
genetic drift, gene flow, mutations, NS
|
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What is genetic drift?
|
change in gene pool of a small population due to chance
|
|
What is the bottleneck effect?
|
example of genetic drift; result from drastic reduction in population size
|
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What is the founder effect?
|
genetic drift into a new colony; explains high frequency of certain inherited disorders among some populations
|
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What is gene flow?
|
Genetic exchange with another population; tends to reduce genetic differences between populations
|
|
What are mutations?
|
Changes in an organism's DNA; not much effect on a large population; but can have cumulative effects; only NS is generally adaptive
|
|
What is darwinian fitness?
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contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contributions of other individuals
|
|
Does NS always favor the big and aggressive?
|
false; only works on micro level; cannot explain complex traits
|
|
Does NS operate through differential death rates?
|
false; differential reproductive rates are what matter; longetivity is irrelevant
|
|
Does NS have a purpose?
|
false; it does not anticipate needs of a species; it has to do with mutations and a changing environment
|
|
What is directional selection?
|
Shifts phenotypic curve of a population; selects in favor of some extreme phenotype
|
|
What is diversifying selection?
|
can lead to a balance between two or more contrasting morphs in a population
|
|
What is stabilizing selection?
|
maintains variation for a particular trait within a narrow range
|
|
What is ecology?
|
The study of interaction between organisms and their environments; environment has 2 major components
|
|
What are abiotic and biotic?
|
non-living; living
|
|
What is organismal ecology?
|
concerned with evolutionary adaptations that enable individual organisms to meet the challenges posed by their environments
|
|
What is population ecology?
|
concerned with populations and groups of individuals of the same species living in the same area; population density and growth
|
|
What is community ecology?
|
concerned with communities, assemblages of populations of different species; focuses on how interactions between species affect community structure and organization
|
|
What is ecosystem ecology?
|
concerned with ecosystems, which include all the abiotic factors in addition to the community of species in a certain area; focuses on energy flow/cycling of chemicals among various abiotic and biotic factors
|
|
What is the biosphere?
|
the global ecosystem
|
|
Facts about pesticide DDT
|
developed in 1950s to improve agricultural production; had harmful side effects (Rachel Carson; Silent Spring; modern environmental movement)
|
|
What is a biome?
|
tropical moist forests; deserts; taiga; tundra
|
|
What are three types of adaptations for organisms?
|
physiological; anatomical; behavioral
|
|
three physiological adaptations?
|
temperature, water, solar radiation
|
|
Who can tolerate extremes and who are mildest among vertebrates?
|
Birds/mammals can tolerate extremes because they are endotherms; reptiles are more limited in toleration because they are ectotherms
|
|
What is one anatomical response?
|
Change of shape of body form or anatomy
|
|
What is one contrast in behavioral response?
|
In contrast to plants, most animals can respond to unfavorable change in an environment by moving to a new location
|
|
What are some periodic disturbances we endure?
|
catastrophic disturbances; can devastate biological communities; hurricanes, floods, fire
|
|
What happens after a disturbance?
|
Area is recolonized by organisms or repopulated by survivors; structure of community undergoes succession of changes during the rebound
|
|
What is macroevolution?
|
encompasses major biological changes evident in the fossil record i.e. multiplication of species; evolution of complex novel traits
|
|
how many branches of species are on the planet?
|
around 100 million
|
|
What is non-branching evolution?
|
one part of speciation; where a population changes and becomes a new species; called anagenesis
|
|
What is branching evolution?
|
another part of speciation; one or more new species branches from a parent species that may continue to exist; referred to as cladogenesis
|
|
What does species mean?
|
it is a latin word that means "kind" or "appearance"
|
|
Who discovered and what is the biological species concept?
|
Ernest Mayr; led expedition into new guinea and found a diversity of birds (n=138); defines species as groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (skunks)
|
|
What is a key event in the potential origin of a species?
|
When a population is somehow severed from a parental population; isolating reproductively, the 2 populations
|
|
What are 2 modes of speciation?
|
Allopatric and sympatric speciation
|
|
What is allopatric speciation?
|
Can fragment a population into 2 or more isolated populations
|
|
When does speciation occur?
|
only with the evolution of reproductive barriers between the isolated population and its parent population
|
|
What happens when 2 daughter populations come back in contact and barrier goes away?
|
If interbreeding produces offspring of low fitness there is hybrid inviability and hybrid sterility (donkey--mule(sterile)--horse) (Study ch 14 diargram with speciation)
|
|
What is sympatric speciation?
|
occurs if a genetic change produces a reproductive barrier between mutants and the parent population (ex. domesticated plants)
|
|
What is polyploidy?
|
Mechanism of sympatric speciation discovered by Hugo de Vries
|
|
What are polyploids?
|
Originate from accidents during cell division; can lead to sympatric speciation
|
|
What is the "common denominator for BSC and cladogenesis?
|
Reproductive isolation; important to formation of sister/sibling species; both a cause and a consequence (finches)
|
|
What are 2 things that account for evolution of biological novelty? i.e. complex traits?
|
Cumulative selection, and exaptation/cooption
|
|
What is exaptation?
|
involves a structure that evolves in one context gradually becoming adapted for other functions; mechanism for novel features to evolve gradually; NS is a tinkerer not an engineer
|
|
What is an example of exaptation?
|
Birds that are derived from a lineage of earthbound reptiles; developed from flightless ancestors (teeth, wing claw, feathers)
|
|
How did insect flight evolve?
|
gill plates
|
|
Who worked on aquatic stoneflies?
|
john marden; stoneflies skimming and sailing
|
|
What is development and evolutionary novelty?
|
subtle change in the developmental genes that can have profound effects
|
|
What is Paedomorphosis/neoteny?
|
retention of juvenile boy features in the adult; important in human evolution as well as axolotl's
|
|
What is the fossil record?
|
An archive of macroevolution
|
|
Does time affect diversity?
|
yes
|
|
What do scientists believe about dinosaurs and the cretaceous period?
|
That the cretaceous period ended about 65 million years ago; a meteor impact contributed to the extinction of dinosaurs and mammals were allowed to diversify
|
|
What is adaptive radiation?
|
rapid emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor; associated with colonization of an archipelago,or a plethora of "open niches" created by a mass extinction
|
|
Who founded the formal naming system used today?
|
Carolus Linnaeus; 2 part name with genus and species for each species
|
|
What is the goal of classification?
|
To reflect phylogeny, the evolutionary history of a species
|
|
What is convergent evolution?
|
involves superficially similar structures in unrelated organisms based on NS;
|
|
What is molecular systematics?
|
compares DNA and amino acid sequences between organisms; reveals evolutionary relationships
|
|
What are the 5 kingdoms of the 5 kingdom system?
|
plantae, monera, protista, fungi, and animalia
|
|
What are the three domains?
|
bacteria, eukarya, and archaea
|
|
What have ecologists noticed regional patterns in?
|
terrestrial and aquatic life
|
|
How are the fields of ecology and evolutionary biology linked?
|
evolutionary adaptation through NS results from the interaction of organisms with their environments
|
|
What is population density?
|
The the number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume
|
|
How do we measure population density?
|
Practically impossible; possibly by indirect indicators such as the # of bird nests for bird count OR the mark and recapture method (marked and recaptured after a period of time)
|
|
What is the exponential growth model?
|
rate of expansion of a population under ideal, unregulated conditions; human population has been growing exponentially for centuries
|
|
Explain logistic growth facts
|
A population may grow exponentially for a while but but eventually one or more environmental factors will limit its growth
|
|
What is carrying capacity?
|
the number of individuals of a given species that can be sustained by the environment on a long-term basis i. e. without environmental degradation
|
|
What is the logistic model?
|
description of intraspecific competition; describes population growth as density-dependent
|
|
What are density dependent factors?
|
population-limiting factors whose effects intensify as the population increases in size; increase a population's birth and death rate (yeast cultures and paramecia; barnacles in the intertidal)
|
|
what is a community?
|
an assemblage of species living close enough together for potential interaction(interspecies interactions)
|
|
What are some interspecific interactions between species?
|
(-,-)=interspecific competition; (+,-)= predation, parasitism, herbivory; (+,+)=mutualism
|
|
What is interspecific competition?
|
when 2 or more species rely on similar limiting resources; may limit population growth of competing species; can influence community structure (GF Gause studied this with protists)
|
|
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
|
2 species so similar competing for the same limited resources cannot coexist in the same area
|
|
What is the ecological niche?
|
sum total of a species' use of biotic and abiotic resources in its environment; species' ecological role
|
|
What are two possible outcomes of competition between organisms with similar niches?
|
local extinction (extirpation of one species; evolution of one species to use a different set of resources i.e. resource partitioning (galapagos finches)
|
|
What can resource partitioning do?
|
can actually increase species' diversity (different finch beaks)
|
|
What is predation?
|
When organisms eat other organisms; predator is consumer and food as prey; includes herbivory--consumption of plants by animals
|
|
What are some predator adaptations?
|
Blind owl at night, but good hearing; snake has three tongues for sensory purposes
|
|
What are some animal defenses against predators?
|
passive defenses such as hiding; or active defenses such as escaping or defending themselves
|
|
What are some distraction displays?
|
Directing attention of the predator away from a vulnerable prey to another prey that is more likely to escape
|
|
What is camouflage or cryptic coloration?
|
a passive defense that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background; some preys have mechanical or chemical defenses against their predators
|
|
What is one chemical defense?
|
called warning coloration or aposematism
|
|
What are some plant defenses against herbivores?
|
rashes, infections
|
|
What are experiments of Robert Paine?
|
removed a dominant predator from a community; provided evidence of the phenomenon of predation
|
|
What are keystone predators and what do they do?
|
help maintain species' diversity by preventing competitive exclusion of weaker competitors; (keystone mutualists, parasites, etc)
|
|
What is a keystone species?
|
any species having a significant influence on the composition of a community;
|
|
Explain symbiotic relationships between mutualism and parasitism
|
interspecific interaction in which one species (symbiont) lives intimately with, in, or on another species, (host)
|
|
What is parasitism?
|
is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed (parasite gets nutrients by living in or on its host organism) (parasites can be plants)
|
|
What do some parasites do?
|
modify the behavior of their host
|
|
What is mutualism?
|
is a symbiosis that benefits both partners (i.e. mycorrhizal on juniper seedings in normal soil)
|
|
What has happened to many mutualistic relationships?
|
They have evolved from predator-prey or host-parasite interactions (i.e. Stanley Temple and story of dodo and tambalcoque tree)
|
|
What symbolizes commensalism?
|
(+, 0) = commensalism
|
|
What led to the banning of DDT in 1972?
|
the disappearance of canaries in the 50s and 60s, linking to the dangerous use of pesticides
|
|
What warned us of the dangers of the toxic accumulation of heavy metals and PCBs?
|
Appearance of gross birth defects in waterfowl in the central valley of CA
|
|
what creates new alleles?
|
mutations
|
|
What happened to the 24 chromosome?
|
became part of #2
|
|
darwinian fitness depends most on
|
reproductive success
|
|
genetic drift is the result of
|
chance
|
|
NS is most synonymous with
|
reproductive success
|
|
An increase in frequency of melanistic morphs in populations of pepper moth...
|
directional selection
|
|
Axolotl is a good
|
neoteny
|
|
Analogous traits are product of
|
convergent evolution
|
|
Speciation requires
|
geographic isolation
|
|
species in same
|
order are closely related
|
|
Does air at lower latitudes cool and fall/sink downward?
|
false
|
|
What is the rain shadow effect?
|
drier conditions on leeward side of mountain ranges
|
|
trees of wet tropical rain forests tend to be
|
broad-leaf evergreen plants
|
|
Which level includes everything?
|
biome
|
|
what is a abiotic factor that might affect population of monarch butterflies?
|
rainfall
|
|
chipmunks...glogers rule
|
lighter in color
|
|
gene flow prevents what
|
speciation
|
|
methink its like a weasel
|
cummulative selection
|
|
what level of ecology is concerned with adaptations of individuals?
|
community
|
|
Same function, different origin is
|
analogous
|
|
pine cones...fire...germination
|
thermophilic
|