Biology 131 Chapter 4 Lecture

Front 1

A lack of solar energy would ultimately affect all living things. However, the first organisms to be affected would be

Back 1

plants

Front 2

A deficiency of B vitamins in your diet might cause

Back 2

a lack of coenzymes needed by cells

Front 3

A molecule called cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is derived from ATP and is an important messenger molecule in the endocrine system. To produce this molecule, you would need to

Back 3

remove two phosphate groups from ATP

Front 4

A ripped piece of paper will never spontaneously repair itself. The law of thermodynamics that explains why this is so is the

Back 4

Second law of thermodynamics

Front 5

According to the first and second laws of thermodynamics, what happens if the entropy in the universe increases?

Back 5

A transformation of energy has occurred

Front 6

According to the laws of thermodynamics, which of the following is impossible?

Back 6

Creation of system that is 100% energy efficient

Front 7

Competitive and noncompetitive enzyme inhibitors differ with respect to

Back 7

the location on the enzyme to which they bind

Front 8

It has been hypothesized that if the sun disappeared, all life would end. Other than the obvious drop in temperature, why would humans probably die if the sun suddenly stopped shining?

Back 8

Oxygen levels would drop

Front 9

Maltose is a disaccharide. Suppose someone had a hypothetical "maltose intolerance." Based on what you know about lactose intolerance, what would that mean?

Back 9

The person lacks the enzyme to break down maltose in the small intestines.

Front 10

Metabolism is

Back 10

the sum of all chemical reactions that a cell carries out

Front 11

People with high cholesterol levels often take drugs in an attempt to lower their cholesterol levels. One such drug is Lipitor. How does that drug work?

Back 11

It acts as competitive inhibitor by binding to the active site of enzymes that normally produce cholesterol

Front 12

Shivering when you are cold can be helpful because

Back 12

it involves energy conversions in the muscles that generate heat

Front 13

The enzyme lactase

Back 13

facilitates the breakdown of lactose

Front 14

The hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to all of the following except

Back 14

osmosis

Front 15

The regulation of an enzyme's activity by means of molecule binding to a site on the enzyme other than its active site is called

Back 15

allosteric regulation

Front 16

The substrate for the enzyme lactase is

Back 16

lactose

Front 17

What is the importance of coupled reactions

Back 17

Coupled reactions allow exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions

Front 18

What kind of reaction will occur spontaneously?

Back 18

Exergonic reactions

Front 19

When a high-energy bond of ATP is broken, what happens to the released energy?

Back 19

It drives endergonic reactions in the cell

Front 20

When bonding a phosphate group to ADP

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Energy will be consumed

Front 21

When energy changes from one form to another, some of the energy that can be used to do work is always lost. The loss of this energy is mostly in the form of

Back 21

heat

Front 22

Which of the following is a characteristic of competitive inhibition?

Back 22

It decreases the activity of an enzyme

Front 23

Which of the following is an example of kinetic energy?

Back 23

Water turning a water wheel

Front 24

Which of the following is the most critical in determining enzyme function?

Back 24

The shape of the active site

Front 25

Which of the following might denature (change the shape) and prevent the functioning of an enzyme?

Back 25

Extreme heat

Front 26

Which of the following statements about allosteric enzymes is false

Back 26

Their activity can be increased when the product binds the enzyme

Front 27

Which of the following statements about ATP is false?

Back 27

The reaction ATP-ADP+P is an endergonic reaction

Front 28

Which of the following statements about energy conversions is true?

Back 28

The generate heat.

Front 29

Which of the following statements about energy is true?

Back 29

Energy cannot be created.

Front 30

Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?

Back 30

Enzymes are critical for the regulation of important metabolic pathways.

Front 31

Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?

Back 31

Many enzymes utilize cofactors such as vitamins or metal ions.

Front 32

Which of the following statements about enzymes is true?

Back 32

Many activities in living organisms require multiple enzymes.

Front 33

Which of the following statements represents a violation of the laws of thermodynamics?

Back 33

Entropy decreases over time/

Front 34

Which organic molecule is sometimes required for the activity of certain enzymes?

Back 34

A coenzyme.

Front 35

Which statement concerning the following chemical reaction is false? ADP+P+ENERGY-ATP

Back 35

This is an exergonic reaction.

Front 36

What is the ultimate source of energy for living things on Earth?

Back 36

The sun.

Front 37

When sunlight strikes a photosystem, electrons in the pigments are initially moved in two different ways. How are the electrons moved?

Back 37

They are moved from the pigments to primary electron carrier, and they are moved up the energy hill.

Front 38

The principal raw materials for photosynthesis are

Back 38

carbon dioxide and water.

Front 39

Which of the following groups of organisms do not contain any species that can undergo photosynthesis?

Back 39

Fungi.

Front 40

You just purchased a lamp that has green plastic shade surrounding the light bulb. you put a plant under the lamp, but it dies within a week. What has happened?

Back 40

The green light produced by the lamp is not used for photosynthesis.

Front 41

Water provides the necessary what, to allow for the light reactions to occur?

Back 41

Electrons.

Front 42

The energy to run the Calvin cycle is produced

Back 42

during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Front 43

Which of the following is the correct order of electron transport for the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Back 43

photosystem II, photosystem I, NADP+

Front 44

During Calvin cycle, the enzyme rubisco is responsible for the splitting of the five-carbon compound RuBP (which has been combined with carbon dioxide) into two molecules of the three-carbon compound

Back 44

PGA

Front 45

Which of the following best represents the progression of energy transformation that occur during photosynthesis?

Back 45

solar energy-potential energy stored in electrons and ATP-chemical energy stored in sugars

Front 46

Which pathway is the primary method used by most plants to fix carbon dioxide into sugar molecules?

Back 46

C3 pathway.

Front 47

The primary way that the C4 photosynthesizing plants are different from the C3 plants is that the C4 plants

Back 47

do not use the enzyme rubisco.

Front 48

What is a disadvantage of the C4 pathway?

Back 48

It uses more ATP than do other pathways.

Front 49

Plants like cacti must conserve as much water as possible. The pathway needed for this is

Back 49

C.A.M.

Front 50

Which of the following is not a typical use of the carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis?

Back 50

Carbohydrates can be broken down by the plant to provide energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

Front 51

The synthesis portion of photosynthesis is sometimes referred to as "fixation", that is, the gas CO2 is "fixed" into an organic molecule. Of the 4 major types of organic molecules, into which is CO2 first fixed?

Back 51

carbohydrate

Front 52

A living plant is exposed to water labeled with 18O (a radioactive isotope of oxygen) and exposed to sunlight. The 18O will end up in which of the following molecules at the end of photosynthesis?

Back 52

O2

Front 53

Which of the following substances could be totally eliminated and not interfere with the process of photosynthesis?

Back 53

O2

Front 54

Which of the following is the final acceptor of the high-energy electrons after passing through both phases of photosynthesis, the light reactions, and the Calvin cycle?

Back 54

CO2

Front 55

Why does photorespiration pose a major problem for plants?

Back 55

It blocks the enzyme rubisco, thus causing no glucose to be made for the plant

Front 56

Light hits photosystem I, causing electrons to be excited to a high energy level. These electrons are picked up by an electron acceptor and passed through an electron transport chain where

Back 56

N.A.D.P.H. is made.

Front 57

Why do plants split water molecules during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Back 57

to provide electrons for the light reactions

Front 58

Which of the following is part of the Calvin cycle?

Back 58

carbon fixation.

Front 59

A leaf on a plant is photosynthesizing rapidly, capturing sunlight to perform the light reactions. Why will this plant also need to pass through the Calvin cycle?

Back 59

to make glucose for the plant

Front 60

Glucose is not directly made in the light reactions or the Calvin cycle. Where does it come from?

Back 60

It is made from joining two G3P molecules made during the Calvin cycle.

Front 61

Which of the following is an end product of photosynthesis?

Back 61

oxygen

Front 62

If a plant were placed under a light source with a blue filter, you would expect that the plant

Back 62

would grow faster

Front 63

What would be the immediate consequence if plants did not recycle their R.U.B.P?

Back 63

They would be unable to fix carbon

Front 64

How does G3P relate to glucose?

Back 64

G3P is released from the Calvin cycle and can be converted to glucose.

Front 65

Providing a plant with filtered green light would cause

Back 65

the green light to be reflected by chlorophyll

Front 66

If a plant is alone in a sealed environment (assume water is provided), it will

Back 66

die because of CO2 deprivation

Front 67

If all animals died, plants would have a problem because their

Back 67

CO2 source would be lost

Front 68

Deforestation can ultimately cause a problem for animals because

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atmospheric O2 levels decrease

Front 69

A detrimental mutation in the rubisco gene would cause the inability of the plant to

Back 69

fix carbon

Front 70

The day after a strenuous workout, your muscles feel sore. The best explanation for this is that the muscle cells

Back 70

were forced to produce lactic acid

Front 71

Alcohol and lactic acid fermentation takes place under what kind of conditions?

Back 71

anaerobic

Front 72

The oxygen that organisms need to live is used exclusively in which of the following metabolic pathways? 1) Glycolysis 2) Fermentation 3) Krebs cycle 4) Electron transport chain

Back 72

4 only

Front 73

Which of the following is the main ATP-producing pathway during aerobic cellular respiration? 1) Glycolysis 2) Fermentation 3) Krebs cycle 4) Electron transport chain

Back 73

4 only

Front 74

Alcoholic fermentation includes the process of glycolysis plus an additional step in which pyruvic acid is converted to alcohol and CO2. For a yeast cell, what would be the net gain of ATP if it fermented 10 molecules of glucose?

Back 74

20 ATP

Front 75

In cellular respiration, glucose, oxygen, and water are converted to

Back 75

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Front 76

Most of the carbon dioxide that animals exhale comes from

Back 76

the Krebs cycle

Front 77

Which of the following molecules serve as intermediate electron carriers in the process of cellular respiration?

Back 77

N.A.D+ and F.A.D

Front 78

Electrons stripped from glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are transported tot he electron transport chain by

Back 78

N.A.D.H.

Front 79

At the end of the electron transport chain, the final acceptor of the electrons is

Back 79

O2, which produces a molecule of H2O

Front 80

The final result of ATP production after complete aerobic respiration is

Back 80

high relative to the amount of A.T.P. made in anaerobic respiration

Front 81

The final result of ATP production after complete aerobic respiration is

Back 81

high relative to the amount A.T.P. made in anaerobic respiration

Front 82

What is the only benefit of fermentation?

Back 82

that is recycles N.A.D.+ for use in glycolysis

Front 83

Which of these statements best explains why your body prefers to perform aerobic respiration as opposed to anaerobic respiration?

Back 83

aerobic respiration produces far more A.T.P. than anaerobic respiration

Front 84

In aerobic cellular respiration, what is the "big picture" significance of the first two steps of the process?

Back 84

They allow for high-energy electrons and hydrogen ions to be collected for use in the electron transport chain.

Front 85

The primary purpose of the electron transport chain is to

Back 85

phosphorylate A.D.P. using power provided by the hydrogen ion gradient

Front 86

Which step of cellular respiration produces no A.T.P?

Back 86

Fermentation

Front 87

The final result of A.T.P. production after anaerobic respiration is

Back 87

low relative to the amount of A.T.P. made in aerobic respiration

Front 88

Which of the following occurs in glycolysis?

Back 88

conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

Front 89

Which of the following is an example of a molecule being reduced?

Back 89

F.A.D. being converted into F.AD.H2

Front 90

Which of the following is true concerning oxidation and reduction reactions?

Back 90

N.A.D.H. is the reduced from of N.A.D.+

Front 91

Which of the following is characteristic of anaerobic respiration?

Back 91

fermentation

Front 92

Which of the following is not an end product of aerobic cellular respiration?

Back 92

oxygen gas

Front 93

The net gain of A.T.P. from glycolysis is

Back 93

2 A.T.P.

Front 94

Consider a bacterial cell that performs anaerobic respiration. If that bacterial cell had access to four molecules of glucose to use, how many A.T.P's would it be able to produce?

Back 94

8

Front 95

A buildup of lactic acid is associated with an excessive amount of activity during

Back 95

fermentation

Front 96

The carbon dioxide you are exhaling right now is produced during

Back 96

the Krebs cycle

Front 97

Which of the following processes does not occur in the mitochondria?

Back 97

glycolysis

Front 98

During aerobic respiration, oxygen is required. This oxygen is used in which steps?

Back 98

the electron transport chain

Front 99

If protons are unable to form a gradient across the membrane of the mitochondria, which process will be affected?

Back 99

the electron transport chain

Front 100

Your cell's preferred source of fuel for cellular respiration is

Back 100

glucose