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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What four elements make up 96% of the human body?
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Oxygen (O), Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N)
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Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
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Are the four elements that make up 96% of the human body.
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Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (Ka)
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Make up the smaller 4% of the human body.
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What are some trace elemetns found in the human body?
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Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe)
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Iron is considered to be a ________ in the human body?
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Trace element
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What is an organic compound?
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An organic compound contains Carbon (C).
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What is an inorganic compound?
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An inorganic compound does not contain Carbon (C).
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What is the difference between an organic and inorganic compound?
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An organic compound contains C and an inorganic compound does not contain C.
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True or False. Water is a polar molecule?
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True
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What type of bonds form between individual water molecules?
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H bond (Hydrogen bond)
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What does hydrophillic mean?
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water loving
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What is a compound called when it does not mix with water?
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Hydrophobic
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True or False. Polar molecules are hydrophobic?
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False. Polar molecules are hydrophillic.
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What is oil in water an example of?
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A Hydrophobic mixture.
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What is it called when a molecule "falls apart" in water?
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Dissociation in H2O
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What is a molecule that releases H+ (protons) in water?
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Acid
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What is a base?
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proton acceptors, and absorb hydrogen ions
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What is an alternate name for a base?
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alkaline
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What is neutral on the pH scale?
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7 is neutral
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Where does blood fall on the pH scale?
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blood is 7.4
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If a solution has a pH of 8.2 what is it considered?
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increasingly basic or alkaline
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What is more acidic, a solution with a pH of 4.0 or a solution with a pH of 5.0?
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a soultion with a pH of 4.0 is more acidic.
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If one solution has a pH of 10.0 and a second solution has a pH of 12.0 how much stronger/weaker is the second solution?
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1/1000 stronger
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What are the four major macromolecules in the human body?
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carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid.
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What is a molecule that would be defined as a polymer of sugars?
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Carbohydrate
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What is the major function of carbohydrates?
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provide a ready, easily used source of cellular fuel.
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A protein is a polymer of what?
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amino acids
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What is an amino acid composed of?
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C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
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How many amino acids are in the human body?
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20
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What are the major functions of proteins?
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they are the basic structural material of the body, and play vital roles in cell function
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What major molecule would an enzyme be?
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A protein that makes chemical reactions go faster
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What is a nucleic acid?
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DNA and RNA
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What are nucleotides composed of?
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nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group
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What are nucleic acids used for?
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DNA and RNA genetic information and provides instructions for building proteins in the body.
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RNA is in what major macromolecule group?
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nucleic acid
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ATP is in what major macromolecule group?
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nucleic acid
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What major group of macromolecules is an organic compound of the cell that does not mix with water?
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Lipids
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What major macromolecule is hydrophobic, nonpolar, and greasy?
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lipids
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Fats are a great way to store?
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energy
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What is the major function of lipids
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protect and insulate and are a major source of stored energy.
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What is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms?
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Cells
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What are the four components of the cell therory?
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1. cells are the basic structural and functional units of life
2. the activity of an organism depends on the activities of its cells. 3. The biochemical activities of a cell are dictated by their organelles 4. the continuity of life has a cellular basis |
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The continuity of life from one gerneration to the next has a _______ basis.
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cellular
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What is the plasma membrane composed of?
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a double layer of phospholipids embedded with small amounts of cholesterol and proteins.
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Phosphate head, glycerol backbone, and fatty acid chains are the three components of ________?
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Phospholipid bi-layer
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What part of a phospholipid is polar?
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The phosphate head
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The interior of the phospholipid bilayer is polar or non-polar?
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Non-polar
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How think is the cell membrane?
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9nm thick
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True or False. The cell membrane is rigid?
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False
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True or False. The plasma membrane has many associated proteins and sugars?
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True
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What is another way of saying that something is within the cell membrane?
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intracellular
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What is the fluid called outside of the cell?
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Interstitial fluid
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What are small projections on the cell surface that increase surface area for gas exchange?
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Microvilli are finger like extensions that increase the surface area
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Microvilli increase the surface area of the exposed surface of the cell in order to increase ______?
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Gas exchange
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What are tight junctions?
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A membrane junction where proteins onadjacent cells fuse together to form an impermeable barrier to prevent molecules from passing through.
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True or False. Tight junctions form an impassible barrier?
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True
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What are fibrous proteins that link neighboring cells together?
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Desmosomes
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Desmosomes strengthen tissue to resist________ stress.
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to prevent separation and reduce the chance of tearing when tissue is stressed.
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What are a couple differences between desmosomes and tight junctions?
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tight junctions form an impermeable barrier/ desmosomes are "rivets" that hold the cells together
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What are gap junctions?
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are communication junction be that between cells, that allows substances to pass between cells
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Where would you find a gap junction?
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In electrically excitable tissues
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The plasma membrane is selectively_________?
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permeable membrane
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________ solutes can pass through the cell membrane.
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non-polar solutes can pass through the membrane, polar solutes need a protein to pass
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What is a way polar solutes can pass through the plasma membrane?
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they use a protein to pass through the membrane
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What type of transport does not require chemical energy?
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Passive processes
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True or False. Passive transport uses ATP.
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False
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How do the words solvent and solute relate to each other?
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a solvent is a liquid and solute are particles that dissolve in a liquid
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What is entropy?
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= randomness kinetic energy causes molecules to scatter
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True or False. In diffusion, compounds move up the concentration gradient.
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False
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What is diffusion?
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a process where substances move directly through the plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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What is simple diffusion?
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Nonpolar molecules scatter on thier own
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Polar molecules are moved through the plasma membrane by binding to protein carriers or through channels
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________ diffusion use proteins that shield a polar molecule from the nonpolar interior of the cell membrane.
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Facilitated diffusion
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What passive transport is the transfer of water?
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Osmosis
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During osmosis, water is transferred from areas of _______ concentration to areas of _________ concentration.
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higher, lower
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What is tonicity?
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compares concentrations inside and outside of the cell
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What does an isotonic solution mean?
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concentration is equal- no net movement
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What is the net movement of water when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
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the concentration oustside is higher than inside H2O moves out of cell
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What is the tonicity of a solution where concentration of solutes outside the cell are lower than inside the cell?
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hypotonic
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Net movement when cell is places in hypotonic solution?
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concentration outside the cell is lower than inside H2O moves into cell
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