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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Antibody Structure |
Four Amino Acid Chains (two heavy and two light) linked by disulfide bonds in a Y or T shape |
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Structure of an Antibody chain |
each chain has a variable and a constant region |
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Variable region of an Antibody |
form anti-binding sites on each side of the arm of the Y or T |
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Constant region of an Antibody |
determines the antibody function and class |
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Five classes of Antibodies |
MADGE: IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE |
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Function of Antibody classes |
IgM - fixes complement IgA - found in mucos, body secretion IgD - Activation of B cell IgG - placental barrier, fix complement, most abundant IgE - involved in allergies |
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Antigen presenting cell (APC) |
Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them on their own surface so they can be recognized by T cells |
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What cells act as APC's |
Dendrites, Macrophages, B Lymphocytes |
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Autoimmune disease |
occurs when the body's self tolerance breaks down |
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How does an autoimmune disease function |
produces antibodies and sensitized T lymphocytes that attack its own tissues |
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Examples of autoimmune diseases |
- Rheumaoid arthritis - Myasthenia gravis - Multiple sclerosis - Graves disease - Diabetes type 1 - Systematic Lupus Erythematosus - Glomerulonephritis |
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Antigen |
any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response |
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Types of Common antigens |
- Foreign Proteins - nucleic acid - large carbohydrates - some lipids - pollen - microorganisms |
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Antigenic Determinants |
only certain parts of an antigen are immunogenic |
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Signs of inflammation |
swelling and fever |
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Inflammatory response process |
- Neutrophils migrate to inflammed area - Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls by diapedisis - Neutrophils gather in precise site of tissue injury (positive chemotaxis) and consume any foreign materials present |
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Site of lymphocyte origin |
red bone marrow |
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primary lymphoid organs |
sites of development of immunocompetence of B or T cells |
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secondary lymphoid organs |
sites of antigen encounter and activation to become memory B or T cells |
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Lymphocyte differentiation and activation process |
- lymphocytes destined to become T cells migrate to thymus and B cells migrate to red bone marrow - immunocompetent but still niave lymphocytes leave thymus and red bone marrow and "seed" the lymph node, spleen and lymphoid tissue where they encounter their antigen and become activated - antigen activated lymphocytes circulate continously in bloodstream and lymph |
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Mechanism of Acute Hypersensitivity Response |
1. Antigen invades body 2. plasma cells produce large amounts of class IgE antibodies against allergen 3. IgE antibodies attach to mast cells in body tissue 4. more of the same allergen invades body 5. allergen binds to IgE on mast cells and triggers release of histamine 6. Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate and become leaky which promotes edema and stimulates release of large amounts of mucos and causes smooth muscle to contract |
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Interferons |
bind to membrane receptors on healthy cell surfaces to interfere with the ability of the virus to multiply |
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Interferon process |
- virus enters cell - interferon genes switch on - cell produces interferon molecules - interferon binding stimulates cell to turn on genes for antiviral proteins - antiviral proteins block viral reproduction |
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Active Immunity |
occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies |
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Types of active immunity |
- naturally acquired: bacterial infections - artificially acquired: vaccines |
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Passive immunity |
occurs when antibodies are obtained from someone else |
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Types of passive immunity |
- naturally acquired: mother to fetus - artificially acquired: immune serum |
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Fever |
abnormally high body temperature is a systematic response to invasion by microorganisms |
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Membrane attack complex (MAC's) |
result of complement fixation, produces lesion in cell membrane |
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Immediate hypersensitivity |
result of IgE antibody - due to hay fever, hives and anaphylaxis |
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Delayed hypersensitivity |
reflects activity of T cells, macrophages and cytokines - due to skin contact |
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Chemotaxis |
movement of cell, organism or part of an organism towards or away from a chemical substance |
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Four events of respiration |
- pulmonary ventilation - external respiration - respiratory gas transport - internal respiration |
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Pulmonary respiration |
air moving into and out of lungs |
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External respiration |
gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli |
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Respiratory gas exchange |
transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via bloodstream |
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Internal respiration |
gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in capillaries |
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Hyperventilation |
rising levels of CO2 results in deeper, faster breathing, blow off of CO2 restores normal Ph |
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Hypoventilation |
results when blood becomes Alkaline, slow, shallow breathing, allows CO2 to accumulate in blood |
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Carbonic Acid Bicarbonate buffering system |
CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> H+ + HCO3- |
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Hyperventilation does what to levels |
rise of CO2 means a decrease in Ph and a rise in respiratory rate |
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Atelectasis |
lung collapse |
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Pneumothorax |
the presence of air in the pleural cavity |
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Pathway of air through conducting zone |
nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - terminal bronchioles |
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Pathway of air through respiratory zone |
respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli |
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Types of epithelial in respiratory |
- respiratory bronchioles: simple cuboidal - alveoli and alveolar: simple squamous |
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Types of cartilage in respiratory |
hyaline |
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Types of muscle in respiratory |
smooth muscle |
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Eupnea |
normal respiratory rate and rhythm |
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What is normal respiration rate |
12-15 per minute |
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Where does gas exchange occur |
alveoli of the respiratory zone |
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Where is mucos produced |
nasal glands and the submucosa of the trachea |
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What is the role of mucos |
block debri in respiratory tract |
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How is mucos secreted |
goblet cells |
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Function of surfactant |
reduces surface tension of water molecules so alveoli dont collapse |
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paranasal sinuses |
cavities ithin bone surrounding the nasal cavity |
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locations of paranasal sinuses |
- frontal - sphenoid - ethmoid - maxillary |
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structures of the plueral serous membrane |
- parietal plueral - plueral cavity - visceral plueral |
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Structures of sound production |
- epiglottis - vestibular fold - vocal fold - glottis |
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Components of respiratory membrane |
- alveolar epithelium - fused basement membrane - capillary endothelium |
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Chloride shift |
used to counterbalence the rapid outrush of bicarbonate ions in RBC |
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function of kidneys |
water balance, electrolytes, acid- base balance in blood, blood pressure, RBC production, activation of vitamin D |
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Where are kidneys located |
dorsal body wall behind the parietal peritoneum |
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Structures of nephron |
glomerulus - nephron capsule - PCT - nephron loop - DCT - collecting ducts |
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Sphincters of Urethra |
- Internal: involuntary, made of smooth muscle - External: voluntary, made of skeletal muscle |
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Solutes found in Urine |
- sodium and potassium - urea, uric acid and creatine - ammonia - bicarbonate ions |
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Function of ADH |
prevents excessive water loss in urine and increases water reabsorption |
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Flow of blood through kidney |
Aorta - renal artery - segmental artery - interlobal artery - arcuate artery - cortical radiate artery - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - cortical radiate vein - arcuate vein - interlobar vein - renal vein - inferior vena cava |
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Thirst mechanism |
osmoreceptors in hypothalmus react to small changes in blood composition by becoming more active |
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Renin - angiotensin mechanism |
regulates blood pressure by releasing enzyme renin |
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Components of filitration membrane |
- capillary endothelium - basement membrane - foot process of podocyte of glomerular capsule |
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What substances are reabsored in nephron |
water, sodium, potassium, glueclose |
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What substances are secreted by nephron |
potassium |
