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198 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Autotroph |
Organism that synthesizes its own food |
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Budding |
Asexual reproduction involving one parent cell dividing into two daughter cells |
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Chloroplasts |
Photosynthetic cells, cause a green colouring |
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Ciliophora |
Phylum containint many cilliate, may be stalked and sessile or solitary and motile |
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Cillia |
Many small locomotory organelles |
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Cnidaria |
phyla of jellyfish, coral, and sea anemones. Sexual + asexual reproduction. |
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Radial symmetry |
Identical halves, if cut 2+ directions (think pizza) |
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Diploblastic |
Having two tissue layers, endo and ectoderm |
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Ectoderm |
outer layer of tissue |
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Endoderm |
inner layer of tissue |
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Mesoglea |
Jelly layer seperating endo and ectoderm in cnidarians |
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Cnidocytes |
special cells containing nematocysts(stinging organelles), characteristic of cnidarians |
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Gastrovascular Cavity |
Mouth connects to this cavity, controls digestion and circulation |
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Polyp |
Sessile and attached to substrate (sea anemone) |
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Medusa |
Free swimming body (jellyfish) |
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Hydrozoa |
equal polyp + medusa stages |
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Colonial hydrozoa |
exiibits dimorphism- has feeding (gastrozooids and sexual (gonozooid) polyps in colony |
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Planula |
cilliated planktonic larvae of cnidarians, allow for dispersal and colonization |
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Scyphozoa |
Predominant medusa stage |
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Anthozoa |
no medusa stage |
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Colonization |
starting of a new colony of species in a different place |
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Depth of Field |
Ability to see thickness and relief of object in focus |
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Dispersal |
Spreading of young to different environments in order to encourage population growth |
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Euglena |
autotrophic planktonic representative of euglenozoa |
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Euglenozoa |
Phylum containing many autotrophic flagellates |
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Field of view (FOV) |
size of are seen when looking through microscope lenses- used to calculate size. |
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Flagella |
one to few long locomotory organelles |
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Heterotrophs |
Ingest food- phagocytosis=engulfment of food |
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Magnification |
# of times a microscope increases the size of an object |
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Mobile |
can move, not firmly attached |
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Motile |
can move and propel itself |
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Metozoan |
multicellular organism |
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Organelles |
specialized sub-cellular units that carry out functions of cell |
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Phylogenetic Tree |
Positions animals according to evolutionary relationships |
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Phytoplankton |
Free floating photosynthetic organisms |
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Porifera (all info) |
Phyla of sponges, no symmetry, poorly defined tissues, lack of organs. Sessile life style, most filter feed |
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Choanocyte |
flagellated cell that maintains water flow in sponges |
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amoebocytes |
Sponge feeding cells |
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Archaeocytes |
Sponge skeleton/spicule producing cells |
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Spiclues |
support sponge skeleton- rod-like structures of calcium or silica |
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Spongin |
Rubbery structure protein of bath sponges |
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Reflected light |
light source from above specimen as in dissecting microscope |
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REsolution |
ability to clearly separate details of an image |
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Stigma |
light sensitive eye spot |
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Taxonomy |
naming of organisms: Genus species- in italics, first word capital at beginning |
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Transmitted light |
source from below specimen as in compound microscope |
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Unicellular Eukaryotes |
Domain, membranous single-celled organisms AKA protists or protozoa |
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Zooplankton |
Free floating animal (non-photosynthetic) |
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Acoelomate |
organismlacking a coelom (body cavity) ex. Platyhelminthes Flatworms |
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Psuedocoelomate |
Body cavity not surrounded by mesodermal epithelium (layer); developed between endoderm and mesoderm ex. rotifera + nemotoda |
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coelomate |
Organism with Fluid filled cavity within mesoderm. ex: annelida, arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata |
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Protostome |
Embryonic blastopore becomes mouth first ex. rotifera, platyhelminthes |
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Deuterostome |
Embryonic blastopore forms anus first ex. chordata, echiodermata |
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Bilateral Symmetry |
can be divided into two almost identical halves |
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Triploblastic |
Having three tissue layers; endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm |
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Mesoderm |
middle tissue layer contains muscle bone and organs |
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Organ-System |
level of organization containing multiple organs working together into a system ex: Nervous system, reproductive system (platyhelminthes exhibit 1st) |
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Flatworms |
platyhelminthes phylum- literally flat worms |
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Turbellaria |
Class of platyhelminthes- free-living (not parasitic) unique locomotion via cilliated epidermis and slippery substance like slugs |
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Trematoda |
Parasitic class of platyhelminthes, AKA flukes hermaphrodites w/ventral suckers to hold onto intestines + absorb nutrients |
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Pharynx |
Mouth parts- in tubellarian located on abdomen |
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Hermaphroditic |
having both male and female sex organs |
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Ovary |
contains unfertilized female gametes |
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Uterus |
Contains fertilized eggs |
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Testes |
contains unfertilized sperm |
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Vitellaria |
AKA yolk glands, contain yolk/ food for eggs ( allows for nutrition once released from parent) |
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Miracidium |
trematode cilliated larvae- hatched from feces of inhabited animal |
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sporocysts |
germ sacs formed by asexual reproduction |
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reidiae |
maggot like structure formed from sporocyst |
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predator-prey pathway |
aka fecal-oral pathway- one thing eats another infecting thing thereby passing on a parasitic organism |
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Cestoidea |
Tapeworm class, parasitic and mature in intestine of vertibrates. Have complex hermaphroditic reproductive system. |
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Scolex |
holdfast structure of tapeworms (cestoidea) allowing them to attach to intestine walls |
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proglottids |
reproductive segment unique to cestodes (tapeworms) one filled with fertilized eggs, detaches and exits host with feces. 3 stages: immature-mature-gravid |
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cirrus |
penis |
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Rotifera |
Phylum of psuedocoelomate organisms- First species W/flow through digestion and body cavity, mouth and an us (zooplankton) |
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Mastax |
grinding structure to process food of rotifera |
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Beaver feaver |
Giardia duodenalis |
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Malaria name |
Plasmodium vivax |
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African sleeping sickness |
Trypanosoma |
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Ventral/ Oral Sucker |
allows flukes (trematoda) to attach to their hosts |
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Cercariae |
Free swimming organism formed from rediae in snails. Encyst on vegetation or 2nd intermediate host. In Flukes |
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Rediae |
Maggot-like structures that form in snail, formed via sexual reproduction. in flukes |
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metacercariae |
resting stage of flukes in second intermediate host |
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Dorsal visceral mass |
in mollusca layer containing digestive and reproductive organs |
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Mantle |
in mollusca protects organs, often produces external shell |
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Radula |
rasping/tearing organ that helps to process food |
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Gastropoda |
(stomach-foot) use cilia and mucous for locomotion, posess radula eg. snails nudibranchs, slugs |
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Operculum |
disk-shaped plate that covers snail shell for protection |
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Nudibranch |
naked gills- gills on outside of organism. also have sensory rhinophores |
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Bilvalvia |
two shelled molluscs. Filter feeders with large gills ex- clams oysters mussels scallops |
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Syphon |
in bivalvia, organ that allows for water access while buried under sand, as in clams |
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Byssal threads |
in bivalvia, such as mussels and other inter tidal organisms, threads that attach organism to substrate |
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Cephalopoda |
class of mollusca containing squid, octopus and cuttlefish. MArine predators. Arms w/tentacles (modified foot) and tentacles that transfer sperm, and a beak-like jaw |
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funnel |
locomotary organ of class cephalopoda. water taken in through mantle cavity and forced out of funnel |
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Annelida |
segmented worm phylum, have fluid-filled coelom, broken into septa (small compartments) |
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setae |
hair-like bristles of annelids, branch off of segments and are used for sensing |
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Class errantia |
motile polychates ( in annelida phylum) |
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Class Sedentaria |
Contains polychaete and oligochaetes of the pyhulm annelida, that live in secreted tubed or burrows, as well as leeches |
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Polychaetes |
Class of annelida- having parapoda on each segment with setae on top |
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Parapoda |
Polychaetes- annelida: sensory organs present on each segment |
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radioles |
polychaetes- annelida: fan-like arms of tube dwlling worms that catch food using cillary action |
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Oligochaetes |
Class of annelida: contain common earth worm, contain setae that assist in traction for burrowing, have a simple prostomium as they are detritivores that consume organic material |
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clitellum |
reproductive structure of oligochaetes, "saddle" produces sperm in mucus |
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hirudinids |
Leeches, in phylum annelida. have anterior and posterior sucker allowing them to attach to their hosts and suck their blood. |
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Nematoda |
Round worms- free-living and paraistic varities. Have cuticle to protect from harsh environments , full digestive system (mouth and anus)and long and tapered at each end. |
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Cuticle |
smooth white resistant covering of nematodes, protects from harsh envrionment, is she during moulting(ecdysus) to allow for growth |
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Ecdysus |
moulting of cuticle in nematodes |
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dioecious |
animals having separate sexes |
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Phylum Arthropoda |
presence of chitinous exoskeleton and jointed appendages. 3 main subphyla: Crustacea, Hexapoda, Chelicerata |
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Subphylum Chelicerata- Class Arachnida |
Includes all arthropods with feeding structures called chelicerae (fangs), most predatory terrestrial. 4 pairs of legs off of Cephalothorax. Includes: spiders, scorpions, ectoparasitic ticks and mites. |
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Chelicerae |
Pair of feeding structures of subhpylum Chelicerata, class Arachnida. (Fangs) |
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Subphylum Crustacea- Class Malacostraca |
Aquatic phylum with Gills. Most have 2 pairs of sensory antennae, and have dorsal carapace(protection) and several pairs of appendages. Crab and Shrimp, also sessile barnacles and planktonic copepods. |
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Carapace |
dorsal feature of crustaceans- offers protection for body |
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Subphylum Hexapoda- Class Insecta |
More species of insects than all other animal groups combined.... Important for pollination, crop/forest pests, vectors for disease, human pests. Most have 2 pairs of wings and 3 pairs of legs, complex life cycles and metamorphosis |
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Phylum Echinodermata |
(Spiny Skin) marine organisms. Exhibit pentaramous symmetry, but larvae are bilateral. Water vascular system, sucker like- tube feet. Endoskeleton made of calcareous plates and spines. Deuterostomes (mouth second). 3 major classes: Asteroidea( sea stars), Echinoidea ( Sea Urchins), and Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers) |
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Pentaramous symmetery |
5 fold symmetry |
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Class Asteroidea |
Sea Stars, 5 armed, tough endo skeleton, tube feet. Chemoreceptors all over animal, and eyespots on ends of arms |
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Class Echinoidea |
Sea Urchins |
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Class Holothuroidea |
Sea Cucumbers |
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Cephalothorax |
Head and thorax attached, via tagmatization= Tagmada (generalized special segment) |
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Pedipalp |
modified foot at head of spider used in grabbing food and mating in males |
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Epigynum |
Hole over female reproductive tract of spider, mechanical rim allowing for species specific sperm reception |
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Name some functions of silk |
Package sperm, spider webs, catch prey |
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uropod |
tail/flipper of crustaceans |
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maxillipeds |
"food-feet" small modified legs used by crustaceans for moving/eating food |
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swimmerets- sperm paddles |
crustacean male appendages that help with sperm dispersal on ventral side |
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tympanum |
Drum-like hearing organ of many insects |
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Water vascular system |
present in phylum echinodermata, controls tube feet that allow for movement, prey apture and gas exchange |
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pedicellariae |
small jawed pincers on surface of sea star- asteroidea- help remove particles from top of star and capture small prey |
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madreporite |
location of water intake to water vascular system |
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Describe water vascular system |
Madreporite- stone canal- ring canal- radial canal- lateral canal- tube feet |
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ambulacral groove |
housing of tube feet, split in center of each 5-arms of asteroidea |
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pyloric caeca |
digestive glands in echinoderms |
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aristotles lantern |
5 part mouth of echinoidea (sea urchins) allows for grazing on seaweed |
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oral tentacles |
modified tube feet of holothuroidea (sea cucumbers) that allow for eating |
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cloaca |
cavity where multiple ducts empty- in holothuroidea (sea cukes) occurs at end of digestive tract, but also intakes water to distribute through respiratory tree. |
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Phylum Chordata |
deuterostomes- 3 subphylums Urochordata, cehpalochordata, vertebrata |
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What are 5 characteristics of Chordates |
1. Notochord 2. dorsal hollow nerve cord 3. Pharyngeal slits or pouches 4. Tail posterior to anus 5. Endostyle or thyroid |
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Notochord |
supportive tissue beneath dorsal hollow nerve cord "vertebrae" |
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dorsal hollow nerve cord |
"spinal cord" |
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Pharyngeal slits |
originally filter feeding apparatus, become gills |
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Endostyle |
mucus secreting gland that traps food in pharyngeal slits, eventually becomes thyroid |
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Invertebrate chordate/ protochordate |
chordates lacking backbones (lancelets/tunicates) |
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Vertebrates |
Brain surrounded by skull, backbone (bone or cartlidge) that encases nerve cord |
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Subphylum Urochordata |
Sea squirts or tunicates- marine filter feeders, encased in leathery outer coating. can be colonial or solitary and are sessile adults. Larvae-chordate like |
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Subphylum Cehpalochordata |
Lancelets- filter feeders with buccal cirri and wheel organs to create water currents |
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Buccal cirri |
in pharynx of cehpalochordates, help to create currents and trap food (filter feeding) |
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What is this? |
urochordate |
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What is this? |
Cehpalochordate |
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what is this? |
Vertebrata |
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Superclass agnatha |
Class of vertebrata: jawless fish, no paired appendages or scales- ostracoderms are first known, covered in bony plates. Modern- hagfish and lampreys. |
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Ammocoetes larvae |
larvae of lampreys, similar to amphioxus, but has two-chambered heart, 2 eyes, and 3 lobed brain as well as gills. |
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Pineal organ |
detects light in agnathans- located on top of head |
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Anadromous |
Like salmon, goes from ocean to river to lay eggs |
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Superclass Gnathostomata- class Chondrichthyes |
Class of vertebrata: cartilaginous fish inculing sharks and rays. Toothed jaws, paired appendages- predatory and carniverous. have heterocercal tail |
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Heterocercal tail |
uneven, top lobe larger with DHNC entering it. |
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Spiracle- Chondrichthyes |
Allows for water to enter- top of head |
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Lateral line |
sensory organ made up of fluid filled cells on chondrichthyes. detects vibrations and currents |
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Placoid scales |
like sandpaper/ cat tongue, look like small hooks |
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Claspers |
Male chondrichthyes copulatory appendages located near pelvic fin. |
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Caudal Fin |
tail of chondrichthyes- sharks |
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Class actinopterygii |
ray-finned bony fish, bony skeleton, gill cover (operculum) and often have swim bladder |
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Operculum |
Gill cover made of bony plates, allows for more efficient respiration as it draws more water across gills. |
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Swim Bladder |
gas-filled structure allows fish to stay afloat "maintain neutral buoyancy" |
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Class sarcopterygii |
lobe-finned/ fleshy-finned fish: have bone and muscle in fins, allowing for movement along seafloor. Some have a lung for extracting o2 from air. |
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tetrapod |
Animal adapted to live on land |
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Cutaneous Respiration |
Breathing through skin (frogs/salamanders) |
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Calss Amphibia |
Frogs and salamanders, water dependent terrestrial organismas Order anura (frog) , Order caudata (salamander) 3 chambered heart. |
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axial skeleton |
skull, vertebal column, sternum (along axis, back) |
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Appendicular skeleton |
pectoral and pelvic girdle (stick off of axis, limbs) |
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Atlas |
Vertebrae that holds head |
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Urostyle |
tail bone |
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Transverse Processes |
in frogs, no true ribs, muscle attachment sites |
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nictitating membrane |
transparent eyelid, provides additional protection |
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peritoneum |
lines body cavity/ coelom in amphibian |
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gall bladder |
stores bile from liver |
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cloaca |
chamber where multiple systems output, feces, urine, gametes |
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Postive vs negative pressure breathing |
+ force air in using muscular pump, lungs expand -- chest cavity expands (rubs, muscles) and air is sucked/vaccumed in |
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endothermic v. exothermic |
endo- generate own heat exo- depend on enviro. heat. |
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Paraphyletic |
Phylum does not contain all members of the lineage |
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Monophyletic |
all members of lineage are grouped together |
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Amniotes |
reptiles, birds and mammals, not water-dependant for reproduction. Due to amniotic egg. Requires internal fertilization. Epidermal scales Reptillia, aves, mammalia |
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Class Reptillia |
Diapsid- two sets of holes: croc,snake, lizard |
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temporal finestrae |
pairs of holes in skull for jaw attachment Anapsid, dyapsid, synapsid |
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Anapsid |
no jaw attachment hoels in skull- turtule maybe |
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diapsid |
two pairs (4 holes) in skull for jaw attachment- reptiles |
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synapsid |
1 pair (2 holes) in skull- mammal lineage- highly modified and difficult to ID |
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Homodont |
all teeth in moth are identical, such as in reptiles |
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carapace vs. plastron |
carapace-turtle dorsal/back shell plastron- turtle ventral, bellly shell |
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Scutes |
shell scales of turtle |
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cervical vertibrae |
neck vertebrae- 8 |
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thoracic vertebrae |
attach to ribs, 10 |
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sacral vertebrae |
# increases w/amount of mobility of animal |
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Caudal vertebrae |
make up tail, # vary |
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otic notch |
in turtles+ other reptiles, replace temporal finestrae |
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palates |
turtle "teeth" food-grinder |
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Pectoral girdle bones-turtle |
scapula, coracoid process, acromial process |
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pelvic girdle bones-turtle |
ischium, ilium, pubis |
