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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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thermodynamics |
1st law states that energy cannot be destroyed or created but transferred 2nd law states that energy consumption is not perfect and are accompanied with increased entropy |
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entropy |
states that a system tends to disorder meaning their is a lose of energy that cannot be used for further work |
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spontaneous reaction |
a chemical reaction that is perdicted to occur without the additional input of energy |
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enthaply |
the energy of a substance at a specific temperature and pressure |
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free energy |
amount of energy that can used to do work in a system |
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equilibrium |
when potential energy of products and reactants is equal resulting in no net change |
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catabolic pathways |
the breakdown of organic molecules releasing energy ΔG is negative |
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anabolic pathways |
the build up of cellular components requires continuous energy input ΔG is positive |
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energy coupling coupled reaction |
a process in which energy released from a exorgonic reaction is coupled with the use of that energy from a endorgonic reaction
for example cellular respiration to provide energy for synthesis of ATP |
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transition state |
a step in a chemical pathway with a partly reacted substance |
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catalyst enzymes |
a catalyst speeds up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of those reactions and is not consumed in the reaction
enzymes are biological catalysts made from proteins that lower activation energy of biochemical reactions |
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conformation |
the different shapes created from the arrangements of side groups |
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confactor coenzyme |
assist enzymes in catalyzing such as in induced fit and transfer/storage of electrons |
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saturation |
contains high levels of a solute that no more can be dissolved |
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enzyme inhibition competitive inhibition non-competitive inhibition allosteric regulation
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when a substance blocks the reaction of substrate with enzymes when an inhibitor physically blocks the active site from the substrate when an inhibitor attaches to the allosteric site causing a conformational change to the active site blocking the substrate from binding to the active site |
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futile cycle feedback inhibiton |
when two biological pathways working in opposite directions resulting in a cycle when the products of a chemical pathway inhibit the synthesis of itself |
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PH optimum Temperature optimum salt concentration
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different enzymes work at different optimum pH levels in extreme pH levels the enzyme begins to denature and change shape temperature also depends of enzyme and at high temperatures enzyme begin to denature and at cold temperatures the reaction slows down salt concentration is dependent of type of enzyme but in high salt concentration the enzyme will denature
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under what general conditions do spontaneous reactions occur? |
1. when the energy in the reactants is more then the products 2. when entropy is increased |
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ATP cycle |
production of ATP from exergonic catabolic reaction to release energy to synthesize(endergonic) ATP
ATP then undergoes hyrolysis releasing energy(exergonic) and provides energy for enderogonic cell reactions |
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how do enzymes lower activation energy? |
1. induced fit of substrate changes orientation of reactants 2.masks charges on reactant 3.strain bonds of reactant through induced fit |
