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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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interphase
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non-mitotic part of cell cycle
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histones
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proteins associated with DNA
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chromatin
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DNA-protein material that makes up chromosomes
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centromere
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center connection between sister chromatids
codes for kinetichore |
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mitotic prophase
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chromosomes condense
mitotic spindles form |
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spindle fibers
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microtubules that attach to chromosomes to pull them
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centrosome
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structure that contains two centrioles and directs spindle fibers
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mitotic Prometaphase
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nucleus dissolves
spindle fibers attach to the kinetichore of each chromatid |
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kinetichore
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spindle anchor located at the centromere of a sister chromatid
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mitotic Metaphase
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The centrosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
they move the chromosomes to the center (metaphase plate) and hold them there |
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mitotic Anaphase
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The centromeres break and sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles, creating individual chromosomes
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mitotic telophase
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nuclear envelope forms around independent sets of chromosomes
spindles dissolve chromosomes decondense |
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cytokinesis
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cytoplasm divides
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meiotic early prophase I
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chromosomes condense
nucleus dissolves synapsis of homologs |
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meiotic late prophase I
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crossing over occurs
can take 12-14 years |
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meiotic metaphase I
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tetrads are pulled to center (metaphase plate)
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meiotic anaphase I
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homologs are separated and pulled to opposite poles
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meiotic telophase I
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homologs are completely moved to opposite poles
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chiasma
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site of crossing over
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incomplete dominance
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homogeneously blended phenotype
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codominance
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both phenotypes present
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3 quantitative traits
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height, weight, skin color
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Chromosomes are made up of ...
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DNA, RNA, and protein
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Epistasis
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interaction among genes
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lamarch
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environment gives us our genes
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Nageli
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blend of our parents' genes
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organelle replication
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G1
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transcription occurs
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G1,G2
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DNA rep occurs
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S phase
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How can you tell what phase the cell is in?
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You can only tell if it is in M phase or not.
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Structural Analogy
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structural similarities that emerge from convergent evolution
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Structural Homology
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structural similarities that are inherited from a common ancestor
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macro-evolutionary divergence
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a species evolves into two distinct species
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macro-evolutionary adaptive radiation
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a species evolves into many distinct species
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macro-evolutionary convergence
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two species evolve to become more similar over time
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macro-evolutionary parallelism
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when two species evolve similarly
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Evolutionary Theory
Pattern |
all species are related through common ancestry
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Evolutionary Theory
Process |
species characteristics can change from generation to generation due to natural or artificial (human-affected) selective forces
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3 Conditions Necessary for Natural Selection
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Existing variation within a population
The variation must be heritable The heritable trait(s) must confer some reproductive or survival advantage |
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evolution
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a change in allele frequencies
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Factors that alter allele frequencies:
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Mutation
Migration Genetic drift Selection |
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Hardy-Weinberg
(allele frequency) |
p + q = 1
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Hardy-Weinberg
(genotype frequency) |
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
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Genetic drift
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any change in allele frequencies due to random events
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gene flow
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the movement of alleles between populations
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What are the 4 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equations?
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Assuming no selection (implies completely random mating)
Assuming no mutation Assuming no migration Assuming infinite population size (no genetic drift) |
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what do all cells and viruses have in common?
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proteins
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Do prokaryotes have a cell wall?
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yes
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What increases the hydrophobic nature of lipids.
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increase in length of hydrocarbon chains
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