Biology 120

Front 1

dehiscent

Back 1

splits @ maturity

Front 2

epicotyl

Back 2

stem above cotyledon attachment

Front 3

scarification

Back 3

artificially breaking dormancy

Front 4

vivipary

Back 4

no period of dormancy, embryo continues to grow while fruit is still on parent

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zone of maturation

Back 5

root hair formation

Front 6

root cap

Back 6

sacrificed to protect growing tip, also produces mucigel to facilitate movement through the soil

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xylem

Back 7

water-conducting tissue

Front 8

phloem

Back 8

food-conducting tissue

Front 9

pith cells

Back 9

arise from pro cambium

Front 10

important cell layers surrounding stele:

Back 10

endodermis and pericycle

Front 11

Casparian strip

Back 11

composed of suberin (force water and minerals to pass across cell membranes and cytoplasm)

Front 12

endomycorrhizal

Back 12

penetrate plant roots

Front 13

ectomycorrhizal

Back 13

does not penetrate, surrounds root to produce a sheath called a mantle

Front 14

initials

Back 14

cells are unspecialized

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derivatives

Back 15

cells that become specialized

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parenchyma and collenchyma cells

Back 16

provide support of becoming turgid

Front 17

trichomes

Back 17

hair to protect plants from water loss

Front 18

tracheids

Back 18

in secondary wall, has thinner regions called pits

Front 19

torus

Back 19

functions like a value (in tracheids)

Front 20

auxin

Back 20

hormone that allows for vein formation and vascular cambium

Front 21

parallel veins

Back 21

in monocots and gymnosperms

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netted

Back 22

dicots and ferns

Front 23

absicission zones

Back 23

deciduous plants (seasonal changes in water)

Front 24

lateral meristems

Back 24

made up of vascular and cork cambium

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vascular cambium

Back 25

forms from cortex and pro cambium

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cork cambium

Back 26

forms from cortical parenchyma cells

Front 27

vascular cambium

Back 27

produces much more xylem than phloem

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wood

Back 28

secondary xylem

Front 29

epidermis and cortex

Back 29

replaced by periderm during secondary growth

Front 30

inner bark

Back 30

living secondary phloem

Front 31

outer bark

Back 31

dead tissue

Front 32

dicots, type of wood?

Back 32

hardwood, tension wood (less lignin)

Front 33

confiners

Back 33

softwood, compression wood (more lignin)

Front 34

heartwood

Back 34

older, non-conducting rings of xylem

Front 35

sapwood

Back 35

outer xylem rings, conduct water and minerals

Front 36

to protect cork cells

Back 36

suberin

Front 37

lenticels

Back 37

small openings in outer bark of stems and roots that allow gas exchange

Front 38

latex

Back 38

produced in flowering plants, blocks entry of pathogens

Front 39

resins

Back 39

pines and other non-flowering plants (amber)

Front 40

action spectrum

Back 40

how effectively different wavelengths of light promote photosynthesis by measuring 02 release (Thomas Englemann)

Front 41

reaction center

Back 41

cA that absorbs light energy and primary electron acceptor

Front 42

antenna pigment molecules

Back 42

cA and accessory pigments

Front 43

cA in PSI

Back 43

P700

Front 44

cA in PSII

Back 44

P680

Front 45

PSII

Back 45

use re-energized electrons from PSII to produce ATP

Front 46

PSI

Back 46

use re-energized electrons to produce NADPH

Front 47

rubisco

Back 47

an enzyme that fixes carbon (most abundant protein on earth)

Front 48

photorespiration

Back 48

low CO2/high O2

Front 49

photosynthesis

Back 49

high CO2/low O2

Front 50

make up of fruit

Back 50

exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp (pericarp)

Front 51

types of fruits?

Back 51

simple fruits, aggregate fruits and multiple fruits

Front 52

simple fruits?

Back 52

fleshy fruits and dry fruits

Front 53

fleshy fruits?

Back 53

drupe, berries (true berry, pepo and hesperidium), pome

Front 54

dry fruits?

Back 54

dehiscent and indehiscent

Front 55

taproot system?

Back 55

- dicots and gymnosperms
- enhance survival in harsh conditions

- drought tolerance

- penetrate deep

Front 56

fibrous system?

Back 56

- monocots and SVPs

- adventitious

- shallower root system

- better at water absorption

- stabilize soil, less erosion

Front 57

RAM

Back 57

- in the quiescent centre of the RAM (root apical meristem), we have a group of dividing cells (initials) where there are two daughter cells

- one daughter stays while the other becomes a derivative (which specializes into the three primary tissues: protoderm, pro cambium and ground meristem)

Front 58

pericycle and the stele?

Back 58

pericycle encircles the stele

Front 59

endodermis and stele

Back 59

endodermis encircles the pericycle and the stele

Front 60

tissues of plants?

Back 60

ground tissue (simple), vascular tissue (complex) and dermal tissue (complex)

Front 61

ground tissue?

Back 61

parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma

Front 62

vascular tissue?

Back 62

xylem and phloem

Front 63

dermal tissue?

Back 63

epidermis and periderm

Front 64

parenchyma

Back 64

general purpose

Front 65

collenchyma

Back 65

flexible support, respond to stresses like the wind

Front 66

sclerenchyma

Back 66

- secondary walls reinforced with lignin
- two types: fibres and schlereids

Front 67

xylem (tracheids)

Back 67

ferns and gymnosperms, dead at maturity

Front 68

xylem (vessel elements)

Back 68

flowering plants, transports water and minerals faster than tracheids, dead at maturity

Front 69

tracheids vs vessel elements

Back 69

- flow through vessel elements more prone to blockage by air/crystals (more vulnerable to damage from freezing because ice crystals in one vessel element will block flow in entire vessel) vs. ice has to form seperately in each tracheid
- water is less well supported by secondary walls because wider, making formation of air bubbles more likely

Front 70

phloem (sieve-tube members)

Back 70

- form continuous connection of cytoplasm

- form calls and p-protein plus if injured

- sieve plants, allows materials to cross cell to cell
- companion cells (have nucleus, supplies proteins to member)

Front 71

sieve cells

Back 71

found in nonflowering plants (ferns and conifers), do not have sieve plates, have albuminous cell that acts like a companion cell

Front 72

plant reproduction

Back 72

- asexual (through mitosis, vegetative fragmentation), offspring genetically identical (e.g. quaking aspens)

- sexual (genetic variation, meiosis, fusion of gametes), enhances adaptability to changing environments and facilitates colonization of new environments

Front 73

gymnosperm reproduction

Back 73

microspore, 4 haploid microspores (2 prothalial, 1 generative- 2 sperm cells and 1 tube cell- a pollen tube)

Front 74

angiosperm reproduction

Back 74

microspore, 3 haploid microspores (1 generative- 2 sperm cells and 1 tube cell- a pollen tube)

Front 75

phyllotaxy

Back 75

alternative, opposite and whorled

Front 76

phyllotaxy theories

Back 76

1. field theory (biochemical theory): inhibitory chemical signal produced by growing primordium

2. available space theory (biophysical theory): new primordia arises when space not occupied by existing one

Front 77

plant leaves

Back 77

1. epidermal (protection and gas exchange)

2. mesophyll (photosynthesis)

3. vascular (veins that transport organic molecules/water), there are 2, spongy and palisade

Front 78

growth patterns

Back 78

size of the cells that make rings varies with season, cells tend to be small in late summer and large in spring

Front 79

photosynthesis formula

Back 79

6CO2 + 12H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

Front 80

light reactions

Back 80

- cyclic electron flow

- are photo of photosynthesis because capture light energy

- occur in thylakoid membranes

- energy captured by chlorophyll pigments (A&B)

Front 81

Calvin Cycle

Back 81

- C3 pathway

- occur in stroma

- are synthesis of photosynthesis because assemble 3 carbon sugars

Front 82

chlorophyll A

Back 82

- only pigment directly involved in light reactions

- cB transfer energy to cA molecules

Front 83

advantages of C4

Back 83

- C4 allows bundle sheath cells to maintain high concentrations of CO2 so rubisco binding to CO2 more favourable

- PEP likes CO2 so not affected by presence of O2

- CO2 released by photorespiration can also be refined by C4 pathway

- same photosynthetic rate as C3 plants but with smaller stomatal openings, so less water loss

Front 84

C4 vs CAM

Back 84

- in C4 plants, C4 and C3 run at the same time but spatially separated

- in CAM plants run the C4 pathway @ night and store organic acids in the vacuole for later use (temporal separated)

Front 85

specialized functions of roots:

Back 85

1. - aerial roots (e.g. orchids on trees)

- roots absorb water and nutrients from rainwater
2. - paratism

- penetrate stems or roots of other plants to obtain water, minerals and other organic stuff

3. - storage of water or food

4. - adventitious roots used for asexual reproduction

Front 86

specialized functions of stems:

Back 86

1. asexual reproduction (e.g. stolons/runners and iris rhizomes)

2. storage (e.g. tubers- underground stems that store food, corms- stems that store nutrients, bulbs)

Front 87

specialized functions of leaves:

Back 87

1. protective leaves (spines)

2. flotation (extra air pockets, water lilies)

3. insect-eating leaves to acquire nitrogen

4. tendrils (attach plant to supporting structure)