Biology 12 Reproductive System

Front 1

Testes

Back 1

male gonads which produce sperm and testosterone.

Front 2

Scrotum

Back 2

the sac in which the testes are supported, hanging outside the body and underneath of the penis.

Front 3

Seminiferous tubules?

Back 3

3 coiled tubes within each testicle in which sperm is produced.

Front 4

Epididymis?

Back 4

the tubular storage sac on top of each testicle where sperm mature.

Front 5

Vas deferens?

Back 5

the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Front 6

Acrosome

Back 6

the head of the sperm cell which contains enzymes to penetrate the egg cell barrier.

Front 7

Spermatogenesis

Back 7

the process of the development of sperm which includes meiosis.

Front 8

Penis

Back 8

the male sex organ that becomes erect in intercourse

Front 9

Interstitial Cells

Back 9

the cells that lie between the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone.

Front 10

Sertoli Cells

Back 10

the cells in the seminiferous tubules that regulate spermatogenesis.

Front 11

Semen

Back 11

the ejaculate from the penis that includes sperm and other secretions.

Front 12

Seminal fluid

Back 12

non semen part of sperm that nourishes (fructose) and protects sperm.

Front 13

Seminal Vesicles

Back 13

organs that join to the vas deferens and produce secretions that feed and give sperm energy (seminal fluid).

Front 14

Prostate Gland

Back 14

and organ that surrounds the upper urethra that produces an alkaline fluid to protect sperm from the vagina's acidity.

Front 15

Cowper's Glands

Back 15

pea-sized organs that produce pre-ejaculate.

Front 16

Urethra

Back 16

tube that urine or semen exit the body through.

Front 17

Testosterone

Back 17

male sex hormone that promotes spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics.

Front 18

FSH

Back 18

Released by the Anterior Pituitary in response to GnRH to promote spermatogenesis by taking up testosterone. Stopped by Inhibin.

Front 19

LH

Back 19

stimulates the Interstitial cells to release testosterone.

Front 20

Ovaries

Back 20

female gonads that produce eggs and sex hormones.

Front 21

Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts)

Back 21

cillia lined tubes that transport eggs to uterus, site of fertilization.

Front 22

Uterus

Back 22

thick walled organ where fetus develops.

Front 23

Cervix

Back 23

opening of the uterus from the vagina.

Front 24

Vagina

Back 24

serves as birth canal and recieves penis during intercourse.

Front 25

Follicles

Back 25

sac like structures in the ovary that contain about 400000 egg cells.

Front 26

Oocyte

Back 26

immature egg cells.

Front 27

Zona Pellucida

Back 27

mucoprotein that surrounds the secondary oocyte.

Front 28

Ovulation

Back 28

release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary once per month.

Front 29

Corpus Luteum

Back 29

a follicle cell that has released its egg, produces progesterone and estrogen.

Front 30

Clitoris

Back 30

small, erectile organ above urethral opening.

Front 31

Hypothalamus

Back 31

part of brain that controls the release of sex hormones, including GnRH.

Front 32

FSH

Back 32

hormone released by the anterior pituitary that causes follicle development.

Front 33

Semen composition

Back 33

semen is composed of sperm (semeniferous tubules) and secretions from the prostate gland (antiacid), cowper's gland (lubricant) and seminal vesciles (fructose).

Front 34

Testosterone production

Back 34

Interstitial cells produce testosterone in response to LH.

Front 35

Testosterone makeup

Back 35

Testosterone is a steroid hormone, which means it is lipid soluble and a descendant of the steroid hormone cholesterol.

Front 36

Sperm travel order

Back 36

(FSH) Seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis.

Front 37

Sperm Head

Back 37

Contains the male's 23 chromosomes.

Front 38

Sperm Acromsome Cap

Back 38

Contains enyzmes that break through the egg cell barrier.

Front 39

Sperm Mid-piece

Back 39

Contains mitochondria that give the sperm energy .

Front 40

Sperm Tail

Back 40

Flagellum that propels the sperm by a whipping motion.

Front 41

Spermatogenesis Feedback Loop

Back 41

-GnRH release from low Inhibin levels

-Anterior Pituitary (AP) releases FSH and LH

-LH causes testosterone production in Interstitial cells

-FSH causes testosterone absorption, increases sperm count and Inhibin.

-Inhibin high levels feedback to hypothalamus and AP to release less.

Front 42

Female Feedback Loop

Back 42

-After menstruation, low levels of hormones are detected by the hypothalamus, releases GnRH.

-AP releases FSH and LH

-FSH causes development off egg+ follicle cells, which release more estrogen

Increasing estrogen causes a spike in LH, where the egg bursts out of the ovary.

-Remaining cells form the corpus luteum (CL) and release estrogen and progesterone.

-High progesterone levels turn off LH, causing CL to disintegrate.

Front 43

Female Feedback Loop with Fertiliziation

Back 43

- A fertilized egg begins dividing, and implants itself in the endometrium, releasing HCG, which temporarily maintains the corpus luteum.

-The placenta develops and makes its own estrogen and progesterone, stopping menstruation.

-After 9 months, pressure on the cervix causes nerve impulse to the hypothalamus. This causes relaxin to act on cervix and pelvic bone and oxytocin to make contractions until birth.

Front 44

Embryonic Development Cleavage

Back 44

-Zygote to Morula (2-4-8-16) Cells do not grow so they decrease in size

-Cleavage continues until the ova is the size of an adult organism.

-Morula forms blastual with fluid inside

Front 45

Embryonic Development Growth

Back 45

When the embryo cell start to grow before dividing, blastula changes shape (gastrulation) Cells IMPLODE to make:

-ectoderm (skin, hair, brain, nervous system)

-mesoderm (skeletal, muscular, circulatory, excretory, reproductive)

-endoderm (organ lining, lungs, glands, liver)

Front 46

Embryonic Development Differentation

Back 46

DNA turns off and on certain segments so certain protein structures are produce, creating specialized cells.