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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is natural selection?
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acts on animals within a population to select the best form and function for a particular environment
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What association do all animals have with the environment?
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exchange of materials
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How does the exchange occur between animals and the environment? how does it affect larger animals?
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exchange occurs through an aqueous medium, larger animals have become more specialized
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What makes up a molecule, organelle, a cell, tissue, organ, organ system?
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atoms make up a molecule, molecules make up organelles,organelles make up cells, cell make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organ system
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What are the 4 types of tissue?
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epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue
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What is epithelial tissue?
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covers the outside of the body, it lines organs and cavities within the body and contains cells that are closely joined
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What are the types of epithelial tissue?
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simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar
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What is connective tissue?
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binds and supports other tissues, contains sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix
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What are the types of connective tissue? and give examples.
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Loose connective tissue, and fibrouse connective tissue
ex. bone, cartilage, blood, adipose |
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What is muscle tissue?
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composed of long cells called muscle fibers, contracts in response to nerve signals
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What are the types of muscle tissue?
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skeletal, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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What is nerve tissue?
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senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animals
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Give some examples of nervous tissue.
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brain and spinal cord
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What are tissues arranged into and organs arranged into?
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tissues are arrnanged into organs and organs are then part of an organ system
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Name all the mammalian organ systems.
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integumentary system, skeletal, nervous, muscular, excretory, digestive, endocrine, immune and lymphatic systems, respiratory, circulatory and reproductive systems
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What is bioenergetics?
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the study of how energy flows through and animal
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What do animals use chemical energy for and where do they get it?
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they get it from food, and they use it for growth, repair, physiological processes, regulation and reproduction
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How do scientists study bioenergetics?
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scientists look at an organism's metabolic rate
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What is metabolic rate?
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the amount of energy an animal uses in a given period of time
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How is metabolic rate determined, measured?
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by -monitoring an animals rate of heat loss
-measuring the amount of 02 consumed-measuring the amount of CO2 produced |
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What are the two bioenergetic strategies?
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endothermy and ectothermy
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What is endothermy?
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birds and mammals use this, high metabolic rate uses a lot of energy, maintains constant body temperature
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What is ectothermy?
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reptiles, amphibians, fishes, invertebrates obtain heat from external sources, requires less energy than an endothermic strategy
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What are some influences on metabolic rate?
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size and activity level
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What is size and its influence on metabolic rate?
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the amount of energy to maintain each gram of body weight is inversely related to body size
ex-elephant vs. mouse |
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What is activity level and its influence on metabolic rate?
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any activity level at all will cause an animals metabolic rate to increase
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What are two types of activity levels?
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BMR-basal metabolic rate, endothermic at rest-ex. humans\
SMR-standard metabolic rate, ectothermic at rest at a particular temp. |
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What are the four main mechanisms that animals feed by?
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suspension feeders, substrate feeders, fluid feeders and bulk feeders
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What is the significance of essential nutrients and organic molecules for animals?
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to build the complex molecules needed for growth, maintenance and reproduction
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What is malnourishment?
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missing 1 or more essential nutrients in a diet
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Which is much more common in human populations, malnourishment or undernutrition?
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malnourishment
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What kind of animals may suffer from mineral deficiencies and why?
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herbivorous animals b/c if they graze on plants in soil lacking key minerals
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How many amino acids do animals need?
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require 20 amino acids
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How do animals obtain amino acids that are not essential?
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can synthesize about half of them from the other molecules they obtain from their diet
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What are essential amino acids?
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amino acids that must be obtained from food in preassembled form
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Are plant's proteins complete or incomplete in amino acid makeup?and why is this important?
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incomplete, it is important for vegetarians to have a variety of plant proteins b/c of this reason
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How do animals obtain fatty acids?
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can synthesize most of the fatty acids they need
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How do animals get the rest of the fatty acids they need without doing the work themselves and what are they called?
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ESSENTIAL fatty acids are obtained from foods as unsaturated fatty acids
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What are vitamins?
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organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts
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How many vitamins are essential to humans?
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13 essential vitamins
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What vitamins are fat soluble or water soluble?and what does this mean?
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vitamins, A, D, E and K, extra of these vitamins can be toxic
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What are minerals?
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simple inorganic nutrients that don't contain carbon and are usually required in small amounts
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What is food processing?
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How animals get their nutrition out of food
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What are the 4 stages of food processing?
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1.ingestion, 2.digestion, 3.absorption, 4. elimination
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What are the two different kinds of digestion?
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mechanical digestion and chemical digestion
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What is used for the process of chemical digestion?
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hydrolysis which uses water to break up food
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What do animals with simple body plans use for food processing and describe it.
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Gastrovascular cavity is used and it functions inboth digestion and distribution of nutrients, has a single opening
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What do animals with a complex body plan have for food processing?
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a digestive tube with 2 opening (a mouth and anus), a complete digestive tract or alimentary canal
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Which is more efficient the gastrovascular cavity or the digestive tube
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digestive tube, organized into specialized regions, more efficient
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What does the mammalian digestive system consist of?
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alimenary canal, and various accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts
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Give some examples of accessory glands.
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salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder
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Name the organs in order used for the digestion process.
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oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bldder, small intestines, jejunum, ileum, large intestines, anus
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What is the oral cavity good for?
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mechanical digestion begins here, chemical digestion begins
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What is the function of the stomach?
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stores food, secretes gastric juices
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What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?
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keeps everything from leaving the stomach too early
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What is the function of the small intestines?
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more important than stomach, digestion, absorption of nutrients, 6 m(18ft)
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What is the large intestines referred to as?
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the colon
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What are gastric ulcers and what are they caused by?
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lesions in the lining, are caused mainly by the baceterium Helicobacter pylori
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What does the small intestines have that helps with absorption of nutrients?
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folds, villi, and microvilli
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What is the major function of the large intestines?
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to recover water that has entered the alimentary canal
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What does the colon house and what are these thing's functions?
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houses various strains of bacterium, such as Escherichia coli, some which produce various vitamins
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What happens as wastes pass through the colon?
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become more solid and pass through rectum and exit via the anus
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What is osmolarity?
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total {solute} expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution
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What are osmoconformers?
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some marine animals ONLY, isoosmotic with their surroundings and do not regulate their osmolarity
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What are osmoregulators?
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marine, freshwater or terrestrial, are hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic to their environment, and must expend energy to control water uptake and loss
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What are most animals said to be and what is this?
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stenohaline, cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity
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How many animals are euryhaline and what is this? Give some examples.
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can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity, just a few are this, Tiliapia, Atlantic Stingray
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What are the strategies for osmoregulation for marine animals?
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osmoconform and osmoregulate
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What is going on with marine animals in their bodies of water?
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they face potentially dessicating environments with the potential to quickly deplete the body of water
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What type of fishes are hypoosmotic to sea water?
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bony fishes
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What is hypoosmosis?
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constantly losing water by osmosis and gaining salt by both diffusion and from food they eat
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How do marine fishes balance water loss?
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by drinking sea water, and there urine is very concentrated
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What do freshwater animals have to do? what are they to their environment?
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osmoregulate, hyperosmotic-contain more solutes than their surroundings
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What is osmoregulation?
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they gain too much water, lose salts by diffusion
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How do freshwater animals maintain their water balance?
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by excreting large amounts of dilute urine
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How are salts lost by diffusion replaced?
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by foods and uptake across the gills
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Where do some aquatic invertebrates live? how do they survive?
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in temporary ponds, anhydrobiosis
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What is anhydrobiosis?
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can lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state
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How must land animals manage thier water budgets by?
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drinking, eating moist foods, and using metabolic water
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How do desert animals get their water?
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from major water savings from simple anatomical features
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Who did a lot of work on osmoregulation and metabolism?
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Knut & Bodil Schmidt-Nielson
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What does nitrogeneous waste result from? what does this impact?
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the breakdown of proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids, impacts the water balance of an animal
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How many nitrogeneous wastes do animals have and what do they do with them?
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they have different kinds, have to get rid of them
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Describe ammonia, what animals have it and what do they do with it?
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most toxic, some animals can excrete it directly, aquatic animals, most bony fish, need access to lots of water,
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How do animals excrete ammonia?
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release it across whole body or through gills
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What is urea? what animals have it?
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some animals convert ammonia to a less toxic urea, mammals, amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes, liver converts ammonia to less toxic urea
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Where is urea concentrated?
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in kidney's and excreted with a minimal loss of water`
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What is the 3rd nitrogeneous waste? describe and what animals have it?
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uric acid, least toxic, excreted as paste with little water loss, birds and other reptiles, insects, and land snails
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What animals have Gastrovascular cavity?
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simple animals, like cnidarians
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What does the gastrovascular cavity do?
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distributes substances throughout the body
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What are the open and closed circulatory systems?
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open circulatory system-water divided into 2 compartments: intracellular and extracellular
closed circulatory system: water divided into 3 compartments: intracellular, interstitial, vascular-just closed in vessels |
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What is the closed circulatory system called? and describe
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cardivascular system-consists of blood vessels and a two-to-four chambered heart, more efficient for transport
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What are the main roles for the cardiovascular system in vertebrates?
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transport nutrients to all cells-ciruculation
transport respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) to and from all cells |
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What is respiration?
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the act of transporting respiratory gases, (O2 and CO2) to and from all cells, act of inhaling oxygen and exhaling CO2
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Why is a four-chambered heart essential?
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essential in adaptation for endotherms
-double circulation keeps oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood separate |
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What is the function of the artieries?
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to carry blood to capillaries, away from the heart
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What is the function of the veins?
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return blood from capillaries to heart
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What is a heart attack?
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death of a cardiac muscle due to blockage of coronary veins
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What is a stroke?
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death of nerve tissue in brain due to blockage or rupture of arteries in the brain
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What is arterio sclerosis?
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deposits (plaques) that reduce diameter of arteries and may harden with Ca+, also rougher lining adds to clotting process
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